Developing a Health Advocacy Campaign for HIV Stigma...

My preparation for this assignment began with a review of the Healthy People initiative that was developed by the Department of Health and Human Services. There are many ongoing health issues that our healthcare system is currently dealing with. The Healthy People initiative is a set of goals and objectives designed to guide national health promotion and disease prevention to improve the health of all people in the United States (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). The population health issue I’ve chosen for my policy developing campaign is HIV stigma reduction. In this assignment I will illustrate the significant impact of the stigma towards the population infected with HIV/AIDS and suggest a potential advocacy campaign†¦show more content†¦At the time of the discovery of HIV globally, the overwhelming majority of infected individuals were homosexual men, intravenous drug users, and others that engaged in promiscuous or unprotected sexual activities. Shortly following the initial discovery of the virus, many more documented cases of the disease began to surface in the United States. â€Å"U. S. epidemiologists had documented the mysterious symptoms in heroin users, heterosexuals, newborns, people with hemophilia, and people who had received blood transfusions† (Poindexter, 2007, p. 6). As this newly documented disease made more and more persons dangerously ill, medical professionals found it began to be accompanied by an intensely isolating stigma. This HIV related stigma resulted in cruel discrimination toward infected individuals that lead to poor health outcomes, noncompliance with therapy, increased levels of depression and stress. Severe symptoms of HIV/AIDS began to appear sooner than expected which lead to poorer health and lower quality of life for infected individuals. The stigma and discrimination became a monumental issue for those found to be HIV positive, especially when compounded by the existing comorbidit ies in which they had to contend. Two existing advocacy programs I found for this assignment were specifically developed for HIV stigma reduction and for support of the infected population. One of the very first and most powerful organizations created to manageShow MoreRelatedDeveloping A Health Advocacy Campaign For Hiv Stigma Reduction899 Words   |  4 Pagesproject is developing a health advocacy campaign for HIV stigma reduction. In our project, we illustrate the significant impact of the stigma towards the population infected with HIV/AIDS and suggest a potential advocacy campaign to reduce the stigma and incidence of this epidemic. Through this project, I learned what a lot of people don’t understand, is that anyone can be affected at anytime if they put themselves in a situation where they could be at risk. People identified as being HIV positiveRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV )1318 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that infects the cells of human immune s ystem, causing destruction and impairing the cellular functions. Progressive deterioration of the immune system at cellular level causes associated infection to undermine the immune system putting the patient at risk of opportunistic infections. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the most advanced stage of HIV. AIDS is caused when HIV related cancers hit the immune system by 20 or more opportunistic infectionsRead MoreTransnational Service Organization : Unaids Essay2032 Words   |  9 Pagesof HIV/AIDs, prevent HIV among drug users, eliminate new cases of HIV in children, to reach some 15 million living with HIV with antiretroviral drugs, avoid tuberculosis deaths, close the resource gap, eliminate gender inequalities, eliminate stigma and discrimination, and to eliminate violence towards women and girls (www.UNAIDs.org). With so many objectives and goals, UNAIDS has a number of cosponsors. These cosponsors and their objectives are as follows: UNHCR: â€Å"UNHCR runs substantial HIV programsRead MoreSafe Sex No Regrets Campaign Essay2761 Words   |  12 PagesSafe Sex, No Regrets Media Campaign Australia has been experiencing increased rates of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) over the past ten years as a direct result of unsafe sex practises (ABS- Australian Social Trends, Jun 2012). These infections are some of the most common illnesses worldwide affecting the health and wellbeing of people infected, particularily women in regards to their fertility (Gerbase, Rowley, heymann et, al 1998). Northern Territory Health (2008) along with the otherRead MoreThe Trends in Depressive Disorders in Malawi from 1990 tO 20101761 Words   |  8 PagesPublic Health Interventions on mental health service delivery in Malawi There have been a strong advocacy by the mental health practitioners to strengthen the elements of public health such as public health intelligence, interventions and infrastructure in addressing mental health services during international conferences (11). This has led to the Ministry of Health in Malawi to plan for the interventions dealing with the disease prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of the patients once theyRead MoreExaming the Cultural Practice of Ukuthwala and Its Impact on the Rights of the Child13071 Words   |  53 Pages20 school girls are forced to drop out of school every month to follow the traditional custom of ukuthwala. It was further reported that parents play a role in the abductions. Some of these girls are virgins and the men they are forced to marry are HIV positive. This is not thwala as it is traditionally known. Thwala was intended for people of the same age group, who in the normal course of events, would have been expected to marry each other. Old men were never engaged in thwala. Ukuthwala was neverRead MoreEpidemiology of Hiv14908 Words   |  60 PagesChapter 1 1.1 Background The HIV and AIDS pandemic remains one the most serious development crises in the world (WHO, 2006). Women and children bear a disproportionate share of the burden, and in many settings continue to experience high rates of new HIV infections and of HIV-related illness and death. In 2005 alone, an estimated 540 000 children were newly infected with HIV, with about 90% of these infections occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (UNAIDS, 2006) .UNAIDS estimates that approximatelyRead MoreEarly Marriage9846 Words   |  40 Pages |8 | | |Total |46 |14 |34 |17 |40 |13 |9 | Some countries do have data. According to Bangladesh’s demographic and health survey of 1996-1997, there are 28 million adolescents in Bangladesh, 13.7% of these are girls, and the survey reported that more than half the girls below 19 were married and 5% of 10-14 year old girls were married. Another survey of women 25-29 yearsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility15903 Words   |  64 Pagescompetitors and in the process promoting the cause with monetary aid. Advocacy Advertising of social issues and corporate volunteerism in community activities that are sponsored by corporate. This kind of promotion helps increase awareness of the social cause. â€Å"Advocacy campaigns such as Shell Oil’s ads on driver safety or Budweiser’s effort to promote ‘responsible drinking and driving’ differ from public service campaigns in that they not only promote a common good, but also focus on protectingRead MoreEssay about Alcoholism and Drug Addiction17765 Words   |  72 Pagescompulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinkers health, personal relationships, and social standing. It is medically considered a disease, specifically a neurological disorder, and in medicine several other terms are used, specifically alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence which have more specific definitions. In 1979 an expert World Health Organisation committee discouraged the use of alcoholism in medicine, preferring the category of alcohol

My Reflection On My Stress - 1405 Words

There are always things stressing us out, sometimes some more than others. My stress stems from my continuation of my education, from elementary school, high school, and College. From there on, it spread to my self-image; how I saw myself both physically and mentally. As I continued studying in College, money became an issue. I had to look for a job, eventually for that job I had to â€Å"change† and adjust to the norms and rules of the environment, all of which is difficult. How I see my stress is mentally draining and I feel the need to run a way. But that is not an option. Stress will always be with us. The important fact is how do we deal with it in a positive way and cope with it. School, regardless of grade level, is stressful in both†¦show more content†¦I believe my plan to deal with the stress of school is a great, but there are more out-door options that I’m able to do. I can vary the exercise I do such as less heavy lifting and more aerobic exercise such as jogging and biking. Additionally, I can extend my meditation at home during the evening when my neighborhood has calmed down and its cooler and peaceful outside. Growing up, my family always ate out a lot, for two years my family lived without a stove to cook on. So, being a young family with very little money, we resorted to eating cheap fast food. Of course, we eventually got one but the habit of eating out remained, and it was the start of my negative body image. In the eight years of elementary school, I gained lots of â€Å"baby fat†. I was slowly realizing I was big and wearing husky clothing did not help. I wore lots of baggy clothes to hide it. Furthermore, it didn†™t help that I had bad acne. I didn’t want to see myself in a mirror or on pictures. Nearing the end of eighth grade, there was nothing I couldn’t really do. It wasn’t until my high school years that I wanted to be fit and have big muscles. At this point in my life I was thinning out because of my high metabolism during puberty, but I was not what I wanted to look like to be. I was stressing over acne which only produced more acne, and life was difficult for me as a teen. It was downward spiral of stressing over myself which only made me feel worse. In a previousShow MoreRelatedReflection and Action Plan of My Results from the Holmes and Rahe Self-Assessments of Stress991 Words   |  4 PagesIn discussing stress and anxiety in one’s life, the Holmes and Rahe Self-Assessments have the ability to put things into perspective for some people. My score, at 269, wasn’t much of a shock; however, seeing the words â€Å"you have a moderate to high chance of becoming ill in the near future† shocks the system. Couple those results with the nutritional value of foods I ingest, the diseases that befall us as a species, and the possibility of hereditary illnesses running through my own family, it shouldRead MoreIt ´s Important to Be Able to Cope with Stress and Burnout1351 Words   |  6 Pagesbe able to cope with stress and ensure that I do not burnout (Ross Deverell, 2004:305). Along with a thorough understanding of what stress and burnout is, I will use a personal past experience to explain how I will develop s tress-management strategies and implement them in my behaviour. Stress and Burnout: Stress is understood as the way in which a person responds to the demands, both physical and emotional, which have been placed on them. It is a reaction to change and stress can become more apparentRead MoreMy First Semester At Goizueta1596 Words   |  7 PagesStanford Business graduate Jennifer Porter notes, â€Å"Reflection gives the brain an opportunity to pause amidst the chaos, untangle and sort through observations and experiences, consider multiple possible interpretations, and create meaning† (2017, p. 1). As you will see, this reflection has enabled me to summarize my first semester, discover what I have learned about myself, lay out a path for growth, and create meaning. I hope you will use my reflection as a marker for what future students can uncoverRead MoreEvaluation Of A Nursing For An Increased Intracranial Pressure New Admission933 Words   |  4 PagesSimulation Reflection My charge nurse informed me that my assignment was to care for an increased intracranial pressure new admission. The gentleman was in his early thirties and he came in thought the hospital emergency department after wrecking his motorcycle. This patient was immediately transferred up to my intensive care unit and had family present. I went into the room to get report and my patient’s father constantly interrupted the dayshift nurse. He frantically asked what was happeningRead MoreMy Academic Experience873 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 9: My Academic Experience Fatimah M. Myers US/101 April 13, 2013 University of Phoenix Instructor – Annette Kubalanza Outline – My Academic Experience 1. The Value of Completing a Degree in Higher Education 2. Plans for My Academic and Career Future 3. Reflections of Topics in Class A. Time and Stress Management B. University Resources C. Critical Thinking THE VALUE OF COMPLETINGRead MoreEvaluation Of An Increased Intracranial Pressure New Admission Patient936 Words   |  4 PagesSimulation Reflection My charge nurse informed me that my assignment was to care for an increased intracranial pressure new admission patient. The gentleman was in his early thirties and he came in thought the hospital emergency department after wrecking his motorcycle. This patient was immediately transferred up to my intensive care unit and had family present. I went into the room to get report and my patient’s father constantly interrupted the day shift nurse. He frantically asked what was happeningRead MoreStudent Course Reflections Assignment Document1296 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Course Reflection Assignment Document Yekaterina Tarkovsky Introduction to University Studies - US101 Dr. Eli Reiter April 7, 2013 Introduction Introduction to University Studies class helped me realize how to create a plan of action for education and professional success by reflecting on lessons learned throughout this course. I would like to touch base on my favorite topics throughout this class and discuss my further plans in my professional life. Discussion * In the followingRead MoreReflective Individual Reflection : Level 41220 Words   |  5 PagesReflective Individual Reflection: Level 4 Starting my journey through college again was a big decision for me. Being a single parent of two children, a homeowner, and holding a stressful, full-time job left me with little free time. However, I longed to reinvent myself and find a way to advance my career. Meeting personal goals to further my education outweighed the guilt I felt, as my children were not young any longer. I decided to make advancing my education a top priority. Discovering thatRead MoreReflection Paper : General Adaptation Syndrome1112 Words   |  5 Pages Reflection Paper: General Adaptation Syndrome Student’s Name Institution Introduction Stress is a state of emotional or mental tension or strain resulting from very demanding and adverse circumstances in an individual’s life. The term general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is used in describing the long-term and short-term reactions to stress through its three stages that explain an individual’s experience with stress. The alarm reaction stage is the initial stage where an individual reactsRead MoreGenuine Reflection Paper1050 Words   |  5 PagesReflection is more than considering how we carried out a nursing action. Genuine reflection requires us not just to provide justifications for our behaviors, but to continue to study and appraise ourselves and own personal development including how we communicate and interact with others. Self-reflection ensures we carry out our nursing obligations according to the requirements of our practice and that we connect and consider our patients and coworkers in a caring way (Jacobs, 2016). Nurses also

The Use of Narratives and Its Effect on Stories - 747 Words

The Use of Narratives and Its Effect on Stories The use of narrative view are important for an author. It determines how the reader interpret the story and ultimately understanding the theme. In the work of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephant† Ernest Hemingway uses third person objective point of view to present the conflict of a young couple over the difficult decision of whether to have an abortion. In comparison to Hemingway’s work, â€Å"Great Falls† by Richard Ford, tells the story of the breakdown of the parents’ relation through the eyes of the protagonist Jackie. The authors of the two short stories use these different points of view, to allow the reader understand the overall themes of the stories; which are the essence of a good story.†¦show more content†¦Also the hill is long and â€Å"white† (Hemingway, 661-662). The description of the setting suggests the couple’s journey together is bland, empty and the lack of vagueness. Opposite to the station, Jig walks across the à ¢â‚¬Å"fields of grain and tree along the banks of the Ebro† (Hemingway 663). The setting on the other side of the station, gives the reader a vivid image of life, something that Jig desires. The conversation between the couple quickly escalates into a heated debate like the â€Å"dry side of the valley† (Hemingway 664). Instead of directly revealing that conflict is about abortion, Hemingway lets the reader interpret the intended â€Å"operation† through the setting and the tones of speech from the character. Furthermore, through the third person narrative, Hemingway establishes the theme of coming of age and valuing of life. While Hemingway slowly lets the reader in through an indirect presentation of the issues and their struggle. On the other hand, Ford, by using first person narrative, presents to the reader the voice of a man going back in time to talk about his past. The setting of the story, as described by Jackie, is a â€Å"flat, treeless bench landâ₠¬  (Ford, 564), suggesting the isolation and hopelessness Jackie faces. In addition, the direct way of telling the reader about the standoff draws the reader closer to the narrator’s feeling as if the reader is Jackie standing next to his father; with all the hopelessness and cluelessness he endures. Furthermore,Show MoreRelatedNarrative Structure of Frankenstein Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In Frankenstein, the narratives seem to grow organically from one another: it is impossible to extricate the narratives from one another, as they are so closely linked and interwoven.† Discuss the novel’s shifts in narrative perspective. What is the effect of presenting different character’s viewpoints, especially those of Victor and the monster? Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has a very complex narrative structure: â€Å"the narratives seem to grow organically from one another†. Within the novelRead MoreHow The Pain And Trauma Of The Holocaust Affected Artie And Vladek s Diasporic Memories1319 Words   |  6 Pagesexpressing. The approach that the author has taken construes and magnifies the comical shape of telling history. It portrays Spiegelman dialog between himself and his father about his happenings as holocaust and polish jew survivor. Most of the narrative specifically focuses on Spiegelman s difficult connection with his father, and the nonappearance of his mother who committed suicide when he was 20.In this essay I will be examining the experience of trauma and memory in Maus. Also I will be showingRead MoreUse of Imagery1088 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the use of imagery in two stories of your choice. How do the various images work in a particular story to bring its subject matter into focus? Is the re a central image? And how does this enhance or confuse or complicate the effect of the story? Short fiction can be seen as a literary medium through which the writer concisely creates a story that is almost as fleeting in its detail, as it is in its length of words. Imagery can be used in varying manners depending on what the writer is tryingRead MoreTreatment Models Chosen For Comparison1241 Words   |  5 Pages Treatment Models Chosen for Comparison 1. Narrative Therapy the role of the therapist, views of people and their problems, and the approach for helping. Narrative therapy is a way to look at a person’s life story and their struggles from an outside looking in approach. The problems become separate from the individual. Narrative therapy helps the client examine their life story from a strengths perspective. Instead of focusing on the problems the worker helps the client identify their strengthsRead MoreEssay on Comparison: Frankenstein The Rime of the Ancient Mariner1680 Words   |  7 Pagesbelonging to it; â€Å".†1 But the main theme of assignment is the narrative voice in this Romantic works. The narrator is the person chosen by the author to tell the story to the readers. Traditionally, the person who narrated the tale was the author. But this was changing; the concept of unreliable narrator was starting to get used to provide the story with an atmosphere of suspense. â€Å"The effect of the narrators telling of this story upon the reader, as well as of the mariners telling of his taleRead MoreThe Art of Editing and Film Meaning Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesof the most celebrated and best known Soviet directors, Sergei Eisenstein’s theoretical writings and practical uses of editing are a crucial part of cinema’s development. He viewed the art form of film as a tool with which to inflict certain reactions and emotions to audiences, be it through shock or empathetic understanding. His editing techniques were key elements to achieve these effects, carefully planned out and sought to create conflict in meaning. â€Å"Art is not a mirror which reflects the historicalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Jubilee By Cary Davies1050 Words   |  5 PagesDavies’ narrative questions the importance of the storyteller in the modern tale. Using free indirect discourse Davies plays on the internal and external thoughts of her character s. This engages the reader in thinking about the fictional portrayals we are reading through the use of multiple narratives. The metafictional engagement between the 3rd person narrator and Arthur Pritt, who tells a story within Jubilee, questions the importance of Arthur’s role as a storyteller. Metafiction is â€Å"stories [which]Read MoreA Bout de Souffle I Want to Be Immortal, and Then Die1494 Words   |  6 PagesBreathless the story is told through random events and references. It could be described as a story about nothing, with no beginning and no end, I want to be immortal, and then die. The plot and the characters are ambiguous little is described about them and there is no general linear direction. Pieces of the puzzle are shown through different media throughout the film rather than through event and action. Jean Luc Goddards Breathless breaks away from conventions of narrative through the filmsRead MoreEssay on Narrative Therapy1589 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper will look at the logic of narrative therapy by focusing on 5 major points. This paper will begin by discussing how the narrative approach defines and perceives problems. It will address how narrative therapy views the nature of the relationship between the client and the professional. This paper will look at how problems are solved using the narrative approach. It will also focus on three main techniques used in narrative therapy, which will include externalization, deconstructionRead MoreHow Breaking Bad Is Created By Vince Gilligan Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesBreaking Bad which is created by Vince Gilligan, in relation to the theory of narrative. I will be basing this essay on the first episode of Breaking Bad and also the TV show as a whole. We will learn to what extent Breaking Bad reflects conventional narrative structure. First the essay will identify what conventional narrative structure is. I will then analyse how Breaking Bad reflects the different parts t hat make up narrative structure, including, the three act structure and character roles. I will

Practice Safe Text Essay - 1254 Words

As a result of millions of injuries and deaths among the people of our country, cell phone use, and more specifically texting while driving, has become a big issue. Since texting and driving is a big issue, there are active and upcoming ways to stop it. Throughout the recent years, there have been hundreds of campaigns as well as ads on television, and in magazines to convince people to stop the use of cell phones while driving. Technology in cars is also being built to address the issue of texting and driving behind the wheel. There needs to be steps taken to address the rising number of cell phone related accidents, and if these don’t adequately help the situation, then there needs to be law enforcement set up to keep people off of†¦show more content†¦The majority of people who text and drive are not aware of the consequences that follow their actions. States and counties throughout the US are enforcing â€Å"distracted driving† laws that ban texting while driving. Careless and reckless driving can lead to driving charges, giving every driver a reason to stay off their phones. 5 potential consequences of texting while driving behind the wheel are tickets, getting points on driver’s license, insurance penalties, criminal charges, and the feeling of guilt. Are people willing to give up their freedom, finances, and desolate their own conscience? Throughout the recent years, there have been hundreds of campaigns as well as ads on television, and in magazines to convince people to stop the use of cell phones while driving. For example, ATT is most well-known for their advertisements against texting and driving. Since texting and driving is a big issue, there are active and upcoming ways to stop it. A very popular campaign advertised by celebrities is the â€Å"It Can Wait† pledge. This campaigns motto simply is† No text is worth the risk, it can wait.† Many commercials show Public Service Announcements, about celebrities showing the risk of texting while driving and even some of their own personal experiences with the issue. In addition, technology in cars is also being built to address the issue of texting andShow MoreRelatedEvidence Based Practice On Breast Cancer Prevention1685 Words   |  7 PagesEvidence-based practice according to Stevens (2013) began when nursing recognized a gap between what we know and what we do regarding the care of patients. Grove, Gray, Burns (2015) noted that the goal of evidence-based practice was to include the patient and family taking an active role in their health as well as nursing to provide the best possible quality care in a safe fashion with cost effectiveness. Evidence-based practice nursing was utilized in a study by Kratzke, Wilson, Vilchis, (2013)Read MoreLesson Plan: Present Perfect and Past Simple Using for969 Words   |  4 Pages | | Main Aims: Language Point - tenses present perfect and past simple using ‘for’. The main aim of the lesson is to: Teach the use of for in two tenses: present perfect and past simple, in the context of short text about the teacher’s life. So that by the end of the lesson, the learners can†¦.. Understand and use the present perfect and past simple with ‘for’ in their written and spoken form. Subsidiary aims: Reading, writing, developing fluencyRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Christianity891 Words   |  4 PagesThis would lead to cause contention and religions confusion for thousands of years Judaism and Christianity are both monotheistic religions that have similar core values and principles; however despite these similarities there are differences in practice and traditions that have caused ethnic and religious conflicts that often overshadows their connection. Historical events such as the expulsion of Jews due to religious persecution in European countries like England, France, and Spain in the 16thRead Morehealth and safety Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesactivities will allow you to demonstrate your knowledge of health and safety policies and procedures in your workplace. As a health and social care worker, it is important that you are competent in assessing risks and hazards and implementing good practice on health and safety. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING These activities assess your knowledge of health and safety. There are different items of legislation that you must know about as well as the policies of your own workplace. Task 1 ThisRead MoreSocial Media Has Painted My Worldview1198 Words   |  5 Pagesreceiving my first cell phone in the sixth grade, my mother has always been on my speed-dial and is one of the contacts with whom I am always in constant communication. After dramatically increasing the amount of information I sent to my mother through text messaging, I gained a greater understanding of the amount that oversharing has become naturalized in modern society. Through an emic analysis, I was able to understand the culture of oversharing by actively participating in this culture. An emic analysisRead MoreTexting And Driving Is A Good Thing Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagespeople can do on the road now a days. It is a tragic practice in the United States that needs to be stopped. It’s taking many lives of peoples family and friends around the United States today. This phenomenon of texting and driving exists and it isn t a good thing. Although many people would agree that texting and driving isn t a safe act many still do it. Most people feel discluded from the texting while driving danger and believe that they are safe drivers while texting. In a survey done by NationalRead MoreRodeo715 Words   |  3 Pagesfollowing five questions and answers pertain to the reading from Chapters 20, 21 and 22 for week 7 assignment. | OSHA, Workers Compensation and Employee Benefits 1. Who is responsible for establishing OSHA standards? As referenced in the text (Moran 2011), â€Å"In establishing standards, the Secretary of Labor must set forth standards to prevent employees from suffering substantial harm to their health even if the employee worked at this job for most of his or her adult life. The SecretaryRead MoreAutomated Medication Dispensers In The Home 1458 Words   |  6 Pagesdiversion and non-adherence among high-risk patients in the community setting. Comparison The current standard of practice for individuals who are at risk for non adherence to medications is to limit medication supplies, utilization of a weekly medication organizer and a lock box to hold the remaining medications for patients safety. The comparison between this current state of practice and the implementation of the automated medication dispenser will be evaluated. Outcomes The successful implementationRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Therapeutic Alliance1276 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will be researching the complexity of therapeutic alliance and its impact of advantages and disadvantages. I will be applying academic theories in order to fully understand and provide evidence for the conclusions made based on the texts. This paper will also focus on the online therapeutic alliance and one’s mental health and society’s expectations. The first part of this paper seeks to examine the advantages and disadvantages of therapeutic alliance and its representation on mediaRead MoreNotes Processing Practices And Systems1152 Words   |  5 Pages Part:1 Table of Contents 1.1 Identify, analyse and research text processing practices and systems. 1 a) The current process for work allocation 1 b) The current quality of output – including measures of quality 1 c) The current standard of service 1 d) The current system problems 1 e) Any current production problems 1 f) Explain how well Fast Tax Accounting Ltd complies with the following legislation. 2 I. Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 2 II. Human Rights Act 1993

Actus Reus †Paper Free Essays

string(57) " ambiguity when dealing with problematic medical issues\." ACTUS REUS: OMISSION CAUSATION The general basis for imposing liability in  criminal law  is that the defendant must be proved to have committed a guilty act whilst having had a guilty state of mind. The physical elements are collectively called the actus reus and the accompanied mental state is called the mens rea. It is the fundamental duty of the prosecution to prove both of these elements of the offence to the satisfaction of the judge or jury beyond reasonable doubt. We will write a custom essay sample on Actus Reus – Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the absence of such proof the defendant will be acquitted. ACTUS REUS An actus reus consists of more than just an act. It also consists of whatever circumstances and consequences are recognised for liability for the offence in question – in other words all the elements of an offence other than the mental element. The term actus reus has been given a much wider meaning by Glanville Williams in his criminal law. He says : When he use the technical tern actus reus we include all the external circumstances and consequences specified in the rule of law as constituting the forbidden situation. Reus must be taken as indicating the situation specified in the actus reus as on that, given any necessary mental element, is forbidden by law. In other words, acus reus means the whole definition of the crime with the exception of the mental element – and it even includes a mental element in so far as that is contained in the definition of an act. Actus reus includes negative as well as positive elements. For example, as stared earlier, the actus reus of murder is the causing of death of a person. It also includes circumstances, such as the person whose death has been caused was not as a consequence of a sentence or death given to him or that the death was caused within the territorial jurisdiction of the state. OMISSIONS IN CRIMES Omissions are controversial for two main reasons_ first, whether and to what extent it is justifiable omissions rather than acts; and secondly, whether liability for omissions rather than act requirement in criminal law. Pursuing the second point here, much has been made above of the importance f requiring proof that the defendant voluntarily did something to produce prohibited conduct or consequence. In so far as this can be termed an ‘act requirement’, are omissions a true exception to it? If they are, is this another argument against criminalizing them? One much-discussed preliminary question is the distinction between acts and omissions. Sometimes it is argued that certain verbs imply action and therefore exclude liability for omiss ions, and that the criminal law should respect. The distinctions flowing from this. English courts have often used this linguistic or interpretive approach. It has led to a variety of decisions in different statutes, without much discussion of the general principles underlying omissions liability. The law commissions considerably draft criminal code may be said to signal the continuation of this approach, by redefining the homicide offences in terms of ‘causing death’ rather than ‘killing’, and refining the damage offences in terms of ‘causing damage’, rather than ‘damaging’, so as ‘to leave fully open the courts the possibility of so constructing the relevant (statutory) provisions as to impose liability for omissions’. The draft cod would therefore remove any linguistic awkwardness in saying, for example, that a parent killed a child by failing to feed it; but it does so in this specific instance, and without proclaiming a general principle, that the act requirement may be fulfilled by an omission of a duty can be established. Attachment to the vagaries of the language is no proper basis for delineating the boundaries of criminal liability. In some situations the courts, following the linguistic approach, have nevertheless found themselves able to impose omissions liability. In Speck (1977)3 the defendant was charged with committing an act of gross indecency with or towards a child. The evidence was that an 8 yr old girl placed her hand on his trousers over his penis. he allowed that hand to remain there for some minutes, causing him to have an erection. The court of appeal held that the defendants failure to remove the hand amounted to an invitation to the child with the act, or it created a duty in an adult to put an end to the innocent touching of this kind, with omissions liability for not fulfilling the duty. The analysis is similar to that in miller (1983) where D fell asleep whilst smoking, woke up to find the mattress smouldering, but simply left the room and went to sleep elsewhere. He was convicted of causing criminal damage by fire, on the basis that a person who initiates a sequence of events nnocently and then fails to do anything to stop the sequence should be regarded as having caused the whole sequence. On this view the conduct constitutes a single, continuing act; Miller caused the damage because he took no steps to extinguish the fire he had innocently started. It must be doubted whether these efforts to find an act which then coincides in point in point of time with defendants knowledge and intentions are convincin g. surely the courts are imposing liability for an omission on these cases, by recognizing that a duty arises. Speck is a little different from miller since the original act of the speck was of the girl, and the duty must therefore amount the recognition of an obligation on an adult to put an end to the indecent yet innocent touching by a child. In so far as these decisions appear to extend the statutory wording, are they objectionable on grounds of retroactivity and lack of fair warning, or defensible as applications of existing common law doctrine to new situations? In other situations it seems possible to offer plausible reasons for regarding the same event as either an act or an omission, and in some cases the courts have sought to exploit this ambiguity when dealing with problematic medical issues. You read "Actus Reus – Paper" in category "Papers" Yet it is one thing to say that a healthcare professional who decides not to replace an empty bag for a drip-feed has made an omission, whereas switching a ventilator off is an act; is another thing to maintain that the act-omission distinction should be crucial to any determination of the criminal liability in the two situations. In Airedale NHS trust v bland (1993)the house of lords held that it would be lawful for a doctor to withdraw treatment from a patient in a persistent vegetative state, even though death would inevitable be hastened by that conduct. The house held that the withdrawal of treatment would constitute and omission, and thus regarded the duties of the doctor as the central issue. The decision was that the doctor a doctor has no duty to continue life supplying treatment when it is no longer in the best interest of the patient, having regard to responsible medical opinion. However the court of appeal declined to adopt this subterfuge in Re A(conjoined twins: Surgical separation), holding that the surgical separation of the twins would undoubtedly an act, and subsequently deciding that carrying out an operation which would result in the death of one twin in order to save the life of other could be justifies on the grounds of necessity. This demonstration of the fragility of the act-omission distinction of the vagaries fthe English language indicates that it may be simplistic to oppose omissions liability in the principle. There are some clear cases of omission in which it is desirable to have criminal liability, such as the parent who neglects to feed her or his child or neglects to protect it from abuse. Omissions can be involuntary or not, in the same way as acts; and provided, that the harm resulted because D failed to intervene, it can be argued that omissions are also causes. Omissions liability ay therefore satisfy the principles that no one should be held liable for bodily movements that he or she did not or could not direct. It may also satisfy the principle that no person should be held liable for the conduct or consequences that he or she did not cause. But one point of the act requirement is to exclude liability for mere thoughts that do not result in some bodily movement, and omissions fall foul to that. They do so for a good reason – that certain positive duties to act are so important that they can rightly be made the subject of criminal liability. Of course, such a duty should also be defined with sufficient certainty and made known to those affected by it. So long as these formal requirements are fulfilled there can be no fairness objection to holding a person liable, provided that he or she is capable of taking some steps to carry out the duty. CAUSATION IN CRIMES An event is very often the result of a number of factors. A factor is said to have caused a particular event if, without that factor or, the event would not have happened. Thus, a man is said to have caused the actus reus of a crime, if, that actus would not have occurred without his participation in what was done. Some casual relationships has to be established between his conduct and the prohibited result. A man is usually held criminally liable only for the consequences of his conduct as he foresaw, (or is crimes of negligence, he ought to have foreseen). The act must be the causa causans, ie, the immediate or proximate cause of the effect. When the facts are direct and simple, then establishing the causal nexus between the act and the effect may not be difficult, as for instance in a case of person shooting another person and thereby killing him. The causation can also be without any direct physical act. if the victim asks his way on a dark night nd the accused with the intention of causing his death, directs him to a path that he knows will bring him to a cliff edge , and the victing suffers a fatal fall, this is clearly murder, though the accused has done nothing more than utter words. This can be true in cases of abetment, incitement and conspiracy. In the instances stated above, it is not difficult to establish the direct result between the cause and the effect. The difficulty ar ises only in cases of multiple causation, where it is difficult to establish the imputability. Example: A, intending to kill B but only wounds him very slightly. A clearly has the requisite mens rea for murder, that is, he foresees and desires B’s death. Not let us assume that on his being ta ken to the hospital in an ambulance, a piece of masonry from a building falls on the ambulance and kills B; or, alternatively, that B has a rare blood disease which prevents his blood from coagulation so that the slight wound leads to his death, which it would not have done if he had not been suffering from this disease; or, alternatively, that B refuses to have the wound treated and dies of blood poisoning, which would not have occurred if B had had the wounded treated. In all these cases, a problem of causation arises, i. e. , did A cause B’s death for the purposes of the criminal law so that he can be convicted of murder? If the result is too remote and accidental in its occurrence, then there is no criminal liability. CAUSATION AND NEGLIGENCE The difficulty of causation arises very often n cases of negligence. It has t be established that first, the conduct of the person was negligent and secondly, that but for the negligent act of accused, the accident would not have occurred. In other words, the actus reus should be causally connected to the act, which should be proved to be a negligent. In order to impose criminal liability under S 304A, IPC, it is essential to establish that death is the direct result of the rash or (and) negligent act of the accused. It must be causa causans – the immediate cause and not enough that it may be quasa sine qua non, ie, proximate cause. There can be no conviction when rashness or negligence of third party intervenes. In Suleman rahiman mulani v state of Maharashtra the Supreme Court has approved his rule. In Suleman rahiman mulani the accused who was driving the jeep struck the deceased, as a result of which he sustained serious injuries. The ccused put the injured person in the jeep for medical treatment, but he died. Thereafter, the accused cremated the body. The accused was charged under s304A and 201 of the IPC. As per s 304A, there must be direct nexus between the death of a person and rash and negligent act of the accused that caused the death of the deceased. It was the case of the prosecution of the accused had possesse d only a learner’s license and hence was guilty of causing the death of the deceased. The court held that there was no presumption in law that a person who possesses only a learner’s license or possesses no license at all, does not know driving. A person could for various reasons, including sheer indifference, might not have been taken a regular license . there was evidence to show that the accused had driven the jeep to various places on the previous day of occurrence. So before the accused convicted under s304A, there must a proof that the accused drove in a rash and negligent manner and death was a direct consequence of such rash and negligent manner. In the absence of such evidence no offence under s 304A was made out. The accused was acquitted of the charges. MINIMAL CAUSATION When death of a person is caused after medical treatment, it cannot be said that the treatment was not proper or inadequate, or had better treatment been given, the death would not have taken place. This is because, the intervention of the doctor is in the nature of minimum causation and hence its intervention would have played only a minor part, if any, in causing death. As far as the IPC is concerned, explanation 2 of s 299 specifically states that if an act causes death, even death could have been avoided by proper remedies and skilful treatment, the act shall be deemed to have caused death and the person will be criminally liable. If death results from an injury voluntarily caused, the person who causes the injury, therefore, is deemed to have caused the death, although the life of victim might have been saved if proper medical treatment, provided that it was administered in good faith by a competent physician or surgeon. In Moti singh v state of uttar Pradesh the deceased gayacharan had received two gunshot wounds in the abdomen which were dangerous to life. The injury was received on February 1960. There was no evidence when he was discharged from the hospital and whether he had fully recovered or not. He, however, died on march 1 1960. His body was cremated without post mortem being done. The supreme court held that the two gunshot injuries were dangerous to life were not sufficient for holding that gyancharans death, which took place about three weeks after the incident, was on account of the injuries received by him. The court observed that in order to prove the charges on gyancharans murder, it was necessary to establish that he had died on account of injuries received on him. Since, the was no evidence to establish the cause of death, the accused could not be said to have caused the death of gyancharan. A crucial aspect highlighted by the court in the case was that the connection between the primary cause and the death should not be too remote. CONCLUSION Causation is a complex topic, with which we have been able to deal only brief here. Proof of causation is often said to be an essential precondition of criminal liability, but there is reason to doubt the generality of that requirement, notably in respect of accomplice liability and vicarious criminal liability. Rather than insisting on a universal requirement of causation, it may be preferable to argue that liability should be negatived, in general, by the voluntary intervening act of another. Several criticisms of the judicial approach to three exceptional categories of case hace been advanced above. Often the explanations given by the courts are unconvincing. Whilst the traditional or standard causal theory emphasizes the significance of the last voluntary act, there is no reluctance to took wider or to massage the term ‘voluntary’ in certain situations, especially where D clearly stated that the sequence of events by doing a wrongful act. The challenge is to re-examine the intuitions that lead judges and others to their conclusions (the wrongful act theory, the approach to medical mistakes etc. ) with a view to constructing a law that ensures that the courts respect the various principles . BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. P. S. A. Pillai – Criminal law 2. Glanville Williams book on criminal law 3. www. lawteacher. com ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Page 427, principles of criminal law, Glanville williams [ 2 ]. Duff, criminal attempts, 317-20 Glanville Williams [ 3 ]. 65 CR App R 161. [ 4 ]. (1983) 2 AC 161 [ 5 ]. Criticisms by jc smith (1982) Crim LR 527 and 724, and D. Husak, philosophy of criminal law(1987), 176-8 [ 6 ]. See I. M Kennedy, Treat me right (1988) 169-74 [ 7 ]. (1993) AC 789 [ 8 ]. 4 ALL ER 961 [ 9 ]. Emery (1993) 14 Cr App R (s) 394, aand the new duty by the domestic violence, crime and victims act 2004. [ 10 ]. Glanville Williams, ‘criminal law- causation’) [ 11 ]. Rustom sherior Irani v state of Maharashtra(1969) ACC Cj 79 (SC) [ 12 ]. Md rangawalla v state of mahaarashtra AIR 1965 [ 13 ]. However a driver is expected to anticipate reasonably foreseeable negligent act to road users as contributory negligence has no application in criminal law. [ 14 ]. Re san pai (1936) 14 rang 643 How to cite Actus Reus – Paper, Papers

My Christian Worldview Essay Example For Students

My Christian Worldview Essay Worldview is the perspective on how a person see the world. I am going be given my worldview on this essay about my insight on God and my beliefs. Ever since I was a young girl my parents raised me up to have faith in God. I also grew up going to church every day and bible study. All my morals, beliefs and worldview that I have today are based on how I was raised up. This have shaped me into the person I am today. Who is God and what are His characteristics? I believed God is an almighty supreme being. His love for us is eternal and His love can last forever. God loved us so much, that he give up his only son for our sin. God is a holy one, He is a righteous one, loving and caring. God is the Father of my soul. God is my power and my weakness. God is my protector and my strength. God is my example and my God. I love God with all my heart, mind, soul and strength. I love him over the world and all thats in it. Yet, I hate no one, even my enemies, who I know not who they are, yet even now, they are planning to kill us. My worldview on what is a human being and what happen when you die? As a Christian I believed a human being is a creation that God created out of love, He made each and every human being different from one of another. Our skin color, hair type/hair color, facial appear and eyes are all different. Each and every human being is an image of God, He didn’t made any mistake. What amazing me the most is, how God made us out of dirty. A friend of mine was having a hard time understanding, why God had cursed her on having a child with special need. I told her that every child is a blessed. She had finally accepted the blessed of her gift, raised up her daughter regarding the disabled of her child with the help of accept God into her life. John 9:2-4 And his disciples asked him, Rabbi who sinned, this man or his parents that he was born blind? ’ Jesus answered it was not the man fault or the parents doing. (John 9:2-4 New King version) I believed as a Christian, God had created the world and all the things in it out of nothing. God spirit was set forth to execute His spoken word. As a Christian I know what I know about God because my parents raised me to put all my trust and faith in the lord he will never fail me or give up on me. Also God have given His only son for my sin. I believe this to be true by comparing it to the scripture in the bible. The bible says that in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. If it is in the bible then it have to be true. Also my life experience on what I being through, God had come into my life and led me on the right path. Without the love of God, I wouldnt have made it this for. I believe everything that matches up to the lord character is right because right is a description of the character of God. (Merrian Webster) Therefor anything or anyone that goes against His character or will is wrong. How I this is true by reading the bible scriptures on the laws and principles. Is life pointless or is there purpose? I think for those who do not have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ, life is pointless. For those who follow Jesus Christ you have found your purpose, which is to magnify and glorify The Creator with your life. VII) What core commitments are consistent with my worldview and how do they impact my life? This commitment impacts in my life by changing my viewpoint on everything. My purpose in life is to seek the lord and to glorify his name forever. Without God I am Nothing! I believed that Christian theism is a commitment that is consistent with my worldview and beliefs. .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 , .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 .postImageUrl , .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 , .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44:hover , .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44:visited , .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44:active { border:0!important; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44:active , .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44 .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff422b5295c53a1b9e395656100b1e44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gattaca The Movie And Discrimi EssayMy worldview is Christian, my worldview is the overall perspective in which a person sees the world. My worldview is about the same as other worldview who value and follow the path of God. My faith are known about me by those around me. The three components that make up my worldview are God, Ultimate Reality, and Human Nature, because they shaped my thoughts, experiences, education and life decisions. My worldview had always remained the same, I had always believed in God and tried to follow the right path He have for me. I learned so much from this class. This class had really made me realize how loved, I have for God and my faith in Him is stronger than ever. Without God I am nothing, I have been through a lots in my life. This assignment has caused me to really work hard on my beliefs and look to Scripture for answers about questions that I battles with every day to help me out. The bible has strengthened my beliefs and helped me know how to back them up in the future. I truly believed in god and I will continued to have faith in him. This is my Christian worldview. Bibliography: 1. Buchanan J. The Bibles violent God. Christian Century . April 17, 2013;130(8):3. Available from: ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, Ipswich, MA. Accessed January 16, 2014. 2. Hoffman M. The Bible as word of God. Word World . September 1, 2012;32(4):348-355. Available from: ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, Ipswich, MA. Accessed January 16, 2014. 3. Segal R. The Blurry Line Between Humans and Gods. Numen: International Review For The History Of Religions . January 2013;60(1):39-53. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed January 17, 2014.

Biomedical Dilemmas Science Vs Religion Essay Research free essay sample

Biomedical Dilemmas ( Science Vs. Religion ) Essay, Research Paper Familial Technology Genes, or chromosomes, are frequently referred to as # 8220 ; designs # 8221 ; which are passed down from coevals to coevals. From the survey of these familial stuffs, scientists have ventured into the recent, and instead controversial, field of familial technology. It is described as the # 8220 ; unreal alteration of the familial codification of a life being # 8221 ; , and involves the # 8220 ; use and change of congenital features # 8221 ; by worlds. Like many other issues, familial technology has sparked a het argument. Some people believe that it has the possible to go the new # 8220 ; miracle tool # 8221 ; of medical specialty. # 8220 ; Progresss in the field of familial technology could intend advancement on an unprecedented graduated table for all civilisation # 8221 ; Gail Dutton To others, this new engineering boundary lines on the kingdom of immorality, and is an portent of the danger to come. They are steadfastly convinced that this human intercession into nature is unethical, and will convey about the devastation of world. We will write a custom essay sample on Biomedical Dilemmas Science Vs Religion Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; the promise of familial technology as a tool of medical specialty is matched merely by the menace it would present to human society and civilization. # 8221 ; Ann E. Weiss Rapid progresss in medical scientific discipline have fuelled the inquiry of bioethics. However, as scientific discipline takes springs and bounds towards its ends, moralss are frequently merely larning how to creep. In fact, it has even suffered major backslides in some instances. Genetic technology # 8220 ; raises serious ethical inquiries about the right of human existences to change life on the planet # 8221 ; . Changing the basic physical traits of an being can take to an unprecedented menace to life on the planet # 8221 ; . With such dire effects, where do we pull the line? What Position Does Science Have on Genetic Engineering? For the first clip in history, development has taken a backseat to the tampering of world with their ain familial make-up. There is an # 8220 ; ongoing realisation that humanity is capable of straight determining its ain and other species evolution # 8221 ; . As we ease into the 21st century, we realize that familial technology is doubtless traveling to hold a dramatic consequence on our lives. It seems that # 8220 ; with familial technology, scientific discipline has moved from researching the natural universe and its mechanisms to redesigning it. # 8221 ; Now, we must inquire ourselves this, will that influence be for better, or for worse? However, even the responses of scientific discipline differ in this subject. Scientists remain divided in their sentiments. Some have warned against the jeopardies of familial technology, while others have dismissed these hazards as inconsequential. Two opposing point of views, which is right? Lewis Wolpert, professor of biological science as applied to medicate at University College London, says that, # 8220 ; There are no ethical issues because you are non making any injury to anyone. # 8221 ; And so, the effect of his statement is stanchly supported by James Watson, a Nobel Prize victor and president of Cold Spring Habour Laboratory. # 8220 ; If we can do better human existences by cognizing how to add cistrons, why shouldn T we do it? The biggest ethical job is non utilizing our knowledge. # 8221 ; They are both highly critical of alibis that familial technology is a bad thought. Are they perfectly right? Are the anticipations of # 8220 ; Judgment Day # 8221 ; merely unsubstantial spots of fluff with no cogent evidence to back up these claims? Are we genuinely so confident as to continue with no holds barred? Both scientists seem non to hold the slightest spot of anxiousness sing possible bugs. They have found a absorbing # 8220 ; playground # 8221 ; in familial technology, and appears that it is non merely a manner for them to gain their support, but besides gain celebrity and luck. Is their attitude towards this serious issue excessively high-handed or biased? Are they excessively unclear about the likeliness of menaces to civilization? In contrast, two other outstanding scientists have displayed their displeasure about familial technology. They have made no secret of the instead strong feelings against familial technology. George Wald, Nobel Prize-winning life scientist and Harvard professor, wrote: # 8220 ; Recombinant DNA engineering [ familial technology ] faces our society with jobs unprecedented non merely in the history of scientific discipline, but of life on the Earth. It places in human hands the capacity to redesign living beings, the merchandises of some three billion old ages of development. It is all excessively large and is go oning excessively fast. So this, the cardinal job, remains about inconsiderate. It presents likely the largest ethical job that scientific discipline has of all time had to face. Our morality up to now has been to travel in front without limitation to larn all that we can about nature. Restructuring nature was non portion of the deal For traveling in front in this way may be non merely unwise but unsafe. Potentially, it could engender new animate being and works diseases, new beginnings of malignant neoplastic disease, fresh epidemics. # 8221 ; Erwin Chargoff, an high geneticist who is sometimes called the male parent of modern microbiology excessively echoed Wald s concerns. He commented: # 8221 ; The rule inquiry to be answered is whether we have the right to set an extra fearful burden on coevalss non yet born. Our clip is cursed with the necessity for lame work forces, masquerading as experts, to do tremendously far-reaching determinations. Is at that place anything more far-reaching than the creative activity of signifiers of life? You can halt dividing the atom ; you can halt sing the Moon ; you can halt utilizing aerosols ; you may even make up ones mind non to kill full populations by the usage of a few bombs. But you can non remember a new signifier of life. An irreversible onslaught on the biosphere is something so unheard-of, so unthinkable to old coevalss, that I could merely wish that mine had non been guilty of it. Have we the right to antagonize, irreversibly, the evolutionary wisdom of 1000000s of old ages, in order to fulfill the aspiration and wonder of a few scientists? This universe is given to us on loan. We come and we go ; and after a clip we leave earth and air and H2O to others who come after us. My coevals, or possibly the one preceding mine, has been the first to prosecute, under the leading of the exact scientific disciplines, in a destructive colonial warfare against nature. The hereafter will cuss us for it. # 8221 ; What is the Stand of the Catholic Church? For some Catholics, their base on familial technology is firm, but stiff. For them, # 8220 ; God entirely is the maestro of human life and of its unity # 8221 ; , and in this belief, their lone feasible class of though is to be # 8220 ; wary of the potency of familial technology for basically changing God s sacred creation. # 8221 ; They seem to go forth no room for the possibility that there might be a whole new point of view to this. In his 1983 reference to members of the World Medical Association, Pope John Paul II, as the representative of the Catholic Church, shed some visible radiation on the subject from a different position. He did non rebut the blatantly true statement that God is the # 8220 ; Godhead of Eden and Earth, of all that is seen and unobserved # 8221 ; , nor did he deny that # 8220 ; medical specialty is an eminent, indispensable signifier of service to mankind. # 8221 ; However, he hastened to add, # 8220 ; the extraordinary and rapid progress of medical scientific discipline entails frequent rethinking of its deontology. # 8221 ; Pope John Paul II touched on three major points: the regard for life, the integrity of the human being and the rights of the human being. These cardinal factors contribute to the construct of the cardinal rights of adult male and the self-respect of world. Besides, is at that place the realisation that while development is inevitable, familial use poses # 8220 ; a serious inquiry to every person s moral conscience. # 8221 ; In his words, # 8220 ; A purely curative intercession will, in rule, be considered desirable, provided it is directed to the true publicity of the personal wellbeing of adult male and does non conflict on his unity or decline his conditions of life. Such an intercession, so, would fall within the logic of the Christian moral tradition. But here the inquiry returns. Indeed, it is of great involvement to cognize if an intercession on familial heritage that goes beyond the bounds of the curative in the rigorous sense should be regarded similarly as morally acceptable. In peculiar, this sort of intercession must non conflict on the beginning of human life. It must, accordingly, respect the cardinal self-respect of work forces and the common biological nature which is at the base of autonomy, avoiding uses that tend to modify familial heritage and to make groups of different work forces at the hazard of doing new instances of marginalisation in society. Furthermore, the cardinal attitudes that inspire the intercessions of which we are talking should non flux from a racialist and materialist outlook aimed at a human wellbeing that is, in world, reductionist. The self-respect of adult male transcends his biological status. Familial use becomes arbitrary and unfair when it reduces life to an object ; when it forgets that it is covering with a human topic, capable of intelligence and freedom, worthy of regard whatever may be their restrictions. Or when it treats this individual in footings of standards non founded on the built-in world of the human individual, at the hazard of conflicting upon his self-respect Scientific and proficient advancement, whatever it be, must so keep the greatest regard for the moral values that constitute a precaution for the self-respect of the human individual. And because, in the order of medical values, life is the supreme and the most extremist good of adult male, there must be a cardinal rule: foremost oppose everything harmful, so seek out and prosecute the good. To state the truth, the look # 8220 ; familial use # 8221 ; remains equivocal and should represent an object of true moral understanding. It covers, on the one manus, adventurous enterprises aimed at advancing I know non what sort of demigod and, on the other manus, desirable and good intercessions aimed at the rectification of anomalousnesss such as certain familial unwellnesss. Not to advert, of class, the beneficent applications in the spheres of animate being and vegetable biological science that favour nutrient production. For these last instances, some are get downing to talk, of # 8220 ; familial surgery, # 8221 ; so as to demo more clearly that medical specialty intervenes non in order to modify nature but to prefer its development in its ain life, that of the creative activity, as intended by God. # 8221 ;