Surrealism in fashion design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Oddity in style structure - Essay Example The article Oddity in style configuration centers around the association between design structure and oddity. Style configuration is exceptionally popularized to the degree that numerous inventive methodologies have been attempted to at last think of the privilege and ‘in’ thing. The regularly changing patterns in style structure just demonstrates the way that everybody is continually scanning for style and that everybody can't simply remain on a solitary taste about a specific item. Along these lines, there is a criticalness to advance or even utilize what is now within reach to think of a synchrony on the product’s decision and consumers’ taste, style, needs and needs. Back to the measure of exertion one needs to put on the regularly changing pattern of style plan, there is a need to discover the level at which the look and substance of design configuration is extremely critical in the conceptualization of a specific item in accordance with design. This w ill guarantee that the correct idea of a specific item will be built up to line up with lion's share of customers’ decision. Little association was there among craftsmanship and style structure previously. Not until the development of oddity works by Salvador Dali, Elsa Schiaparelli and John Galliano which are coordinated these days with style structure. Oddity has appeared and carrying the name with it as an artistic expression. Today, oddity structures are coordinated in style plan and the congruity this brings is wonderful that up to this point, acknowledgment in the market is of high essentialness.

White Noise free essay sample

This paper investigates the book White Noise by Don DeLillo. This paper takes a gander at the principle character in the book White Noise by Don DeLillo. It raises complex issues, for example, the right to speak freely of discourse, abuse, racial scorn and even analyzes Marxist speculations to substance in the novel. From the paper: This is the most significant inquiry presented by Don DeLillo?s epic White Noise. In any case, the appropriate response that he provides for this inquiry may not satisfy huge numbers of us, for he proposes that it is difficult to talk reality. Not on the grounds that people are slanted to lie ? in spite of the fact that this is absolutely valid for the characters in his books ? but since there are such huge numbers of potential certainties that the possibility of any one truth as having adequate supremacy to be viewed as The Truth and consequently deserving of being given extraordinary thought. Accordingly, given his equivalent privileging of such a large number of various story and ?accurate? perspectives and given his propensity to develop an account through different interwoven gadgets, DeLillo?s work should absolutely be viewed as postmodern. We will compose a custom paper test on Repetitive sound or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Masters, Slaves, and Subjects Essay -- Robert Olwell Charles Towne Ess

Bosses, Slaves, and Subjects In his book â€Å"Masters, Slaves, and Subjects†, Robert Olwell looks at the unpredictable connections and force structures of frontier period Charles Towne. Charles Towne, as Charleston was known in the years between its establishing and its freedom from the British Empire, is depicted by Olwell as ruled by an inflexible agrarian slave society which filled in as a delegate in a progressively unpredictable force structure that reached out from the illustrious lobbies of London to the estate fields of the Lowcountry. In looking at the entangled trap of connections among London and the settlement, and Masters and Slaves, Olwell contends that the monetary and political structure of Charles Towne depended on a progressive arrangement of cautiously kept up power-based connections. CHARLES TOWNE: A GATEWAY TO POWER Force in Charles Towne was brought together at what got known as the Four Corners of Law, at Broad and Meeting Streets, and emanated outward over the Lowcountry. The Four Corners were home to the State House, where the Colonial Assembly met, St. Michael’s Church, the core of the Church of England in the state, the Town Watch House, which held the slave populace in line, and the open commercial center, where the business that was imperative to the colony’s economy occurred (19). One could without much of a stretch see power was concentrated inside Charleston, over the neighborhood, likewise statewide. Of the forty-eight individuals from the pioneer Assembly, twenty-eight lived inside a day’s horse ride of the city. Half of the judges of the state, who made a vow to protect â€Å"King and Country†, were either sitting or previous individuals from the Assembly, and the entirety of the judges were slave proprietors (... ...constitution formally isolated church and state, finishing the intensity of the Anglican Church always (282). With this, the last connections to Mother England were pushed off, and the tip top were secure as Masters of their reality, and Subjects to none. End Pioneer Charles Towne had advanced into a kind of fuedal city-state administered by power-based connections, which set up jobs for everybody from the most minimal slave to the monetary and political first class who managed the province. These connections were essential to the achievement and solidness of the city and the terrains and the individuals over which it held force. In his book, Robert Olwell unmistakably distinguished characterizes the jobs of Master, Slave, and Subject, and made a solid contention that, set in stone, this arrangement of intensity based connections was the way in to the achievement, flourishing, and security of the settlement.

Apes Ecological Footprint Lab

Chimps Ecological Footprint Lab In the Ecological impression lab I had discovered that my family utilizes a great deal of assets, merchandise and so on. In certain pieces of the figurings for the environmental impression my family would either utilize less and in certain pieces of the impression my family would utilize a greater amount of. That my environmental impression is 5. 6 hectares. 5. 6 hectares is around 14 sections of land. Only for the merchandise, lodging, food, transportation, administrations and waste my family is spending around 56,285. My biological impression is high, and my family, including me ought not be utilizing as much things, or burning through cash on squander, when we don't have to.Exactly what is an environmental impression? An environmental impression is the measure of naturally beneficial land and water expected to gracefully a zone with assets and to assimilate the squanders and contamination created by such asset use. It is a gauge of the normal ecolog ical effect of people in a given nation or region. The per capita natural impression is the normal biological impression of a person in a region. Humanity’s biological impression surpasses by about 39% of the earth’s environmental ability to recharge its inexhaustible assets and to assimilate the subsequent waste items and pollution.With the United States the impression per individual or hectares per individual is 9. 7. Path over of what we are assume to utilize, when a country’s environmental impression is bigger than its natural limit, it is utilizing and debasing its cropland, backwoods, and so on. With my family, were utilizing 5. 6 hectares which is practically 50% of what others are utilizing. At the point when a nation exhausts its common capital, it should either endure the unsafe natural outcomes or import food and different assets from different nations and fare its poisons and squanders to worldwide environment, seas, and waterways that go through a f ew countries.There are additionally some other created nations like our own. Created nations are nations that have a significant level of improvement as per a few rules. The principal industrialized nation was Britain, trailed by Belgium, Germany, United States, France and other Western European nations. One of the most evolved nations in China. China currently expends twice as much meat and almost over multiple times more steel. By 2020, China is anticipated to be the world’s biggest maker and buyer of vehicles and to have the world’s driving economy as far as GDP-PPP.If China’s economy keeps developing exponentially at 8-10% every year, by 2031 the country’s pay for every individual will arrive at that of the United States in 2006. On the off chance that this happens China will require 66% of the world’s current grain reap, double the world’s current paper utilization, and more than the current worldwide creation of oil. At that point are nations that dislike China, for example Africa. Africa would be a lacking nation. Immature nations are at the exceptionally base of the worldwide economy, with far reaching outrageous neediness and critical living conditions.That is on the grounds that they normally have next to zero foundation or dependable human services and other social administrations. Many have encountered long haul political agitation as common war or equipped clash with different countries, or have been dependent upon flimsy governments, tyrannies, and additionally debasement. What's more, they may every now and again endure ecological occasions and catastrophic events that cause starvation, devastation, and removal of huge sections of their populations.According to the UN, the African nations that accomplished the most honed decreases in their HDI rankings somewhere in the range of 1990 and 2003 are South Africa, with a drop of thirty-five spots; Zimbabwe, with a drop of twenty-three spots; and Botswana, wit h a drop of twenty-one spots. The fundamental markers on the human improvement record incorporate future and wellbeing, proficiency and instructive accomplishment, and pay. Human Development Report 2005 noticed that odds of endurance for an individual conceived in sub-Saharan Africa somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2005 are very little better than those of people living in England and Wales during the 1840s.Ways to improve this issues is by attempting to assist our immature nations. With our created nations we as of now have more than we need. So we should help transport products to the nations that are in an increasingly less fortunate state. With the assets and products, on the off chance that we needn't bother with them, at that point we don't have to get them. Additionally individuals could reduce a lot of water we use, food being squandered, and so forth. We could all reuse containers and whatever else that should be reused on the grounds that those reuse jugs can be reused, that way it doesn't develop our contamination of waste. Individuals should attempt to figure out how to quit dirtying the air.

The Definite Guide to Leadership Development

The Definite Guide to Leadership Development © Shutterstock.com | Sergey NivensLeadership development is big business and an essential part of many organizations human resources. In the US, over $15 billion is spent by companies on leadership development programs. But what is the practice about? In this guide, we’ll look at the definition of leadership development and the reasons you should take it seriously.As well as examining these obvious benefits, we will also study the possible drawbacks of implementing leadership development programs, before introducing the two most common approaches used within the field. Finally, we’ll outline the five key steps you and your organization should take when considering leadership development.THE DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENTTo understand leadership development, it’s essential to examine what the concept means. You can understand leadership development by analyzing the two separate concepts at play here. First, the concept of leadership refers to, “the ability of a companyâ €™s management to set and achieve challenging goals, take swift and decisive action, outperform the competition, and inspire others to perform well”, according to Investopedia. Essentially, it is about a team of people or individuals being able to provide the motivation and inspiration for subordinates to achieve specific objectives. You then have the concept of development, which is about “the act or process of growing or causing something to grow or become larger or more advanced’.Therefore, leadership development is about expanding a person’s ability to perform as a leader. It’s about teaching a person about leadership and the skills and qualities required to be an effective leader. Therefore, the focus is on essential leadership skills such as the ability to communicate, motivate and inspire others. It will provide the person with new resources and tools to use in order to lead and manage a group forward. In leadership development, people are provided with the tools to make better decisions and to take accountability of their actions.As we will discuss later in the guide, leadership development can technically be about personal growth, achieved through self-awareness and study. But more commonly, leadership development refers to specific programs, organizations provide for their employees. These programs can be provided for individual employees or whole groups and often are provided to employees at different stages in the organizational hierarchy. Typically, the programs are aimed at employees who are not yet accustomed to leadership and who have not held leadership positions in the past.WHY DOES LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MATTER?Leadership skills are not a magical trait you either have or you don’t. More importantly, efficient leadership is not something you can read a book about and after you’re done, claim you know everything about leading. Therefore, development of leadership is essential and unavoidable.If you are to become a great leader an d to achieve your vision, you need to continue on the path of leadership development. To understand the importance of leadership development on a personal level, watch the short clip below of leadership coach Lee Ellis describing the challenges of leadership development: Aside from the obvious personal need for leaders to focus on leadership development, there are underlying business benefits to the use of the training within organizations. In its essence, leadership development is vital for business success. The statement isn’t just hot air either, as studies back up the idea that you can improve your business performance through leadership development.A report, conducted by the Center for Creative Leadership, identified four key benefits to establishing a leadership development program. These include: boost in financial performance, enhanced ability to attract and retain talent, creation of a better performance culture, and increased agility within the organization.Boosts financ ial performanceThe study examined organizations that used leadership development programs and compared the results with organizations that didn’t have these programs in place. According to the findings, 65% of businesses with on-going programs showed improvement in business results. The study also highlighted the impact of leadership development programs to a company’s bottom line.The positive effect has also been proven in 2007 by Laurie Bassi and Daniel McMurrer. They showed in a study published by Harvard Business Review how there’s a positive link between leadership skills and the business’ financial performance. The businesses, which focused on the development of personnel, delivered stock market returns around five times higher compared to companies that didn’t place as much emphasis on leadership development.Enhanced ability to attract and retain talentThe report highlighted leadership development programs positive impact on the hiring of talent. According to resear ch by Bersin Associates, identified by the report, developing internal candidates through these programs is more effective than simply trying to find external talent. The internal development is beneficial because the candidates are already accustomed with the business and this can cut overall costs by limiting the need of training and recruitment.The programs can have an impact on both attracting and retaining talent. Existing employees might be more interested in staying committed because the business shows real commitment in keeping them in. Furthermore, leadership development will help the employee gain access to new positions within the organization, providing new challenges that help motivate the employee. Essentially, these programs can act as a powerful tool to engage the workforce more. It can help clarify the company’s vision and give the employee a stronger sense of being part of the vision for the future.Having a leadership development will also make recruitment of ne w talent easier. Talented individuals are given an extra incentive through these programs because it can match their career ambitions. Again, the knowledge of the company showing interest and commitment can be a strong motivator for applying for a position.Drives a better performance cultureAside from the above, the implementation of leadership development programs can enforce a stronger performance culture within the organization. The report quotes the study conducted by Bersin Associates, which states:“Leadership development is not just about developing leaders â€" it is about creating a culture of performance. There is a relationship between good management and employee commitment. Great leaders attract, hire and inspire great people. A mediocre manager will never attract or retain high-performing employees.”An organization that focuses on leadership development will also show enhanced understanding of leadership culture. Having a program to develop future leaders, the organ ization is also creating a framework of leadership, which will strengthen the business culture. It focuses the organizations vision and therefore, helps create processes and functions that work towards the objectives in both short- and long-term.The implementation of leadership development programs can create a culture of coaching, which will further the performance of the organization. The participants of these programs will learn new skills, which they can share with their subordinates or team members and therefore spread the message even with people who might not currently be part of the program. Being coached can instill a spark of teaching others.Increased agility within the organizationFinally, the report identified the benefit of improved organizational agility. 86% of organizations, which are implementing leadership development programs, are better equipped to respond to market changes. On the other hand, within organizations that don’t have these systems in place, only 53 % can respond rapidly to turbulence.These programs boost agility because they provide organizations with keys to respond to challenges internally. Finding a new leader to takeover a new project will be quicker internally than starting a recruitment process externally, for example. Having a strengthened workforce, in terms of skills and leadership abilities, will give the organization more resources to respond with ease.The leadership development programs tend to focus on strengthening people’s individual talent and leadership qualities. Therefore, they are not going to provide homogenous leaders, but a group of leaders with a wide-ranging ability and philosophy of leadership. This type of diversity can further boost an organizations agility, as it creates more innovative ideas and solutions. The internal options for combating a problem or responding to a new challenge are varied and the collaborations between these new approaches can be fruitful to an organization. WHY ARE BUSINES SES THINKING TWICE ABOUT IMPLEMENTING THESE PROGRAMS?While there are obvious advantages to leadership development programs, plenty of organizations are still not convinced about implementing them. The organizations tend to quote the following three as the main cause for concern: takes time to implement, it adds additional cost, and ineffective results.The program takes time to implementPerhaps the strongest argument against leadership development programs is the time it takes to properly implement one. An effective program is not something a company can achieve overnight, especially in terms of when the benefits become apparent.A 2013 survey by Brandon Hall Group, entitled Leadership Development Benchmarking, showed that only 18% of leadership development programs in place for less than two years were considered to provide effective results. The percentage increased to 38% when the programs were in place over five years. Therefore, the programs are not a quick fix to company problem s and the benefits are not short-term advantages.The program adds additional costsCompanies always need to consider the bottom line and any additional costs must always be carefully taken into account. Therefore, leadership development programs tend to cause concern for organizations because they can be seen as another avoidable or unnecessary cost. If you consider the point above about the benefits taking a long-time to kick in, organizations can be wary of the initial cost.A study from 2012 showed how American companies spent nearly $14 billion every year on these types of training schemes. In another study done by The Association for Talent Development in the US, the 340 organizations examined spent, on average, $1,208 per employee on different training and development schemes.The program might provide ineffective resultsFinally, implementing a leadership development program within an organization doesn’t automatically guarantee effectiveness. Having a training scheme in place doesn’t mean the employees participating in it are going to learn or be able to use the knowledge for the benefit of the organization.This becomes evident if you consider the findings of one study, which found adult learners forgetting almost 50% of what they learn in a lecture setting after just two weeks. Since the program takes time to provide results in the first place, not receiving any long-term results can be devastating for the organization in terms of financial cost and wasted talent.The above concerns are not automatic disadvantages of leadership development programs, but the possible consequences of improper implementation. Therefore, if a company wants to avoid and overcome the above problems, it has to focus on what type of program it is using and how it is implementing it.For example, in terms of costs, different leadership development programs can differ greatly. Things such as the type of program and the size of the group can cut down or increase the costs in an in stant. By planning and researching the program, the organization can influence the amount of money it has to spend. If proper care is taken in terms of choosing the right program, carefully implementing it, and continuous evaluation of the impact the program is having, the organization can overcome the above three challenges.TWO APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMSThere are essentially two major approaches to leadership development and the training programs. You can either opt for individual leadership development or for collective leadership development of people. We’ll examine both of these approaches and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each.Developing individualsFocus on individual leadership development has been the preferred option for a long time. In this traditional model, the leadership development is based on an individual, with the aim being the strengthening of the person’s skills and traits. It’s about changing the person’s attitudes and abilities in terms of leadership and helping them become a better leader through personal coaching.Individual leadership development can use tactics such as one-to-one mentoring, questionnaires, the use of books and other such resources, as well as attending different workshops. The key to these types of leadership development programs is its focus on the individual. The objective is to identify the person’s strengths and weaknesses, finding a leadership style that suits the person’s traits.The advantages and disadvantages of the approachThe focus on developing and coaching an individual does have it’s own set of challenges and advantages.The benefitsThe biggest benefit of utilizing individual development plans is its ability to provide undivided attention to the person. The enhanced focus means the person has better access to resources and can have more time with the coach, which can help develop the person’s skills quicker. If the person has questions or problems, these can be dealt with a more personalized approach and often quicker than if a whole group is being developed.Furthermore, the program will always be tailored around the specific needs and requirements of the person. Therefore, attention is given to the weaknesses the person has and less time is spent on improving leadership areas the person is already good at. For example, if the person has great communication skills, but lacks in confidence to speak out, the leadership development can better identify this and then focus on improving the traits that require improvement.Overall, the program will help the person develop a leadership philosophy and approach that suits their skills and personalities. Not all leaders are alike and you can be an effective leader even though you implement different strategies to other leaders. An individual leadership development plan will better able the person can pursue a style that fits them rather than opt for a blanket framework, which might not complement their cu rrent abilities and personality.The drawbacksBut the individualistic approach can have its drawbacks as well. Implementing an individual program within an organization can be a cumbersome process, as well as complicated to administer. If a number of employees are involved, it will require a lot of planning and resources to provide them all with individual leadership development. The amount of administrative work will be rather high, with the cost of individual training schemes often being higher than group schemes.In addition to the difficulties in implementation and higher costs, the individual leadership development plan could potentially lead to mixed messages within an organization. Since each participant will develop a leadership approach that fits his or her personality and traits, the organization doesn’t create a continuum of leadership culture. Different leadership styles will create different types of business cultures.For example, autocratic leadership will have a more hierarchical view to decision-making than laissez faire. Therefore, the leaders the programs develop might have a different view on how the organization should develop. This can be challenging for an organization to handle and deal with.Developing people collectivelyA more modern approach is to implement an organization-wide program. The collective leadership development programs don’t look at individual employees, but provide training for a whole group at once. It doesn’t mean there is no attention to an individual’s strengths and weaknesses, but instead of emphasizing the training of these traits, the focus is on developing the interpersonal abilities to get the group working appropriately.The advantages and disadvantages of the approachSimilar to the individual leadership development, collective programs have their strengths and weaknesses, which the organization must carefully consider beforehand.The benefitsCompared to the individual training schemes, collective leadershi p development programs are much easier to implement. You don’t need to do as much assessment or planning, as you are simply implementing a single program within the organization. The cost of these programs can be smaller since you don’t need to provide as much individual training.The other major benefit is the creation of a common business culture in terms of leadership. The collective approach will help the organization develop more easily a coherent look of what kind of leadership they want. The organizations vision, values and goals will be at the centre of the leadership development and at the heart of personal development. In the long-term, this type of approach can yield strong results in terms of leadership succession.The drawbacksThe downside is the lack of individual focus, which means people’s specific skillset and personalities are not necessarily used. This means a person might end up developing leadership skills that don’t fit their personality or which won’t take advantage of the person’s strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, people might end up focusing on aspects they are already rather skilful or create strategies, which they don’t necessarily fully subscribe to in terms of their personal values.Finally, a blanket solution can increase the risk of wasting resources without receiving efficient results. As discussed in the previous section on the concerns companies often have, opting for a collective approach to leadership development can place the organizations eggs in a single basket, so to speak. You are hoping to develop a group of future leaders, but if the program doesn’t work, you have just created a group of ineffective leaders. Opting for a collaborative program will require careful planning to avoid this drawback.HOW TO APPROACH LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENTTo make the most of leadership development, you need to plan for it carefully. As mentioned in the earlier section, you can minimize the risk of failure with a leadership pr ogram if you take the appropriate steps beforehand. In the final section, we’ll provide you the five essential steps you need to take to guarantee your leadership development is effective in achieving the benefits.Step 1: Define your business’ understanding of leadershipBefore you Google ‘leadership development programs’ and pick one for you or your organization, you need to consider what leadership means. It is essential to outline the importance of leadership, the meaning of leadership and the objectives of leadership development before signing up with a specific course.While leadership development is about enhancing your understanding of leadership and the skills required to lead, you need to have an organization-wide understanding of it before you can start with improving your knowledge on the topic.Defining how your business understands leadership is best achieved by answering the following questions:What does the business value the most? Outline the key values that def ine your organization and the work that you do.What is the business culture you want to build success on and what are the behaviors you think will help in achieving this? Every business needs to have a set of beliefs guiding its work and you must be able to identify this and figure out the behaviors and actions that deepen this culture instead of hindering it.What does leadership mean to the business? You need to define the behaviors and actions that show leadership in your business context. You can consider this both in terms of the current leadership and the ideal leadership.What does good and effective leadership look like? The question looks deeper into your business’ ideal leadership framework. Don’t answer the question generically, but focus on looking at the models of behavior and the processes needed to create an effective leadership in your specific organization.What do you want to achieve with the leadership program? You also need to outline the objectives you want to achieve with leadership development. Go into detail and set tangible goals, rather than overall aims such as “improving leadership”. Focus on facts and numbers of what improvement looks like. For example, you might want to improve retention rates by 5% after implementing the leadership development plan.You need to essentially define what the journey will look like and where the end station is before you take the first step. You can’t expect positive results from any type of development plan if you aren’t even sure what these results would look like. Furthermore, defining leadership and the leadership development objectives will make it easier to find a suitable program. If you are aware of what leadership looks like and you know what the organization is looking for, you can pair up with a service provider (a mentor or a training scheme) that is able to provide you help with these specific objectives.In addition to an overall definition of leadership and leadership developmen t ideals, you also need to consider the specific needs of different levels of the organization. If you are looking to implement an organization-wide leadership development plan, the different parts might have varying needs.As an example, the middle management level would probably focus more on pragmatic and result-driven goals compared to the executive level. Therefore, the ideal leadership can look different depending on the hierarchy and the specific company position and you need to consider this when defining what effective leadership development would look like.Step 2: Pick the tools that support your goals and define objectivesOnce you’ve defined leadership and briefly examined the objectives your organization has for leadership development, you can delve deeper into finding the right resources to support your goals. Before you start looking for resources, ensure you have written the objectives down. To help define your objectives, answer the following questions:What are the key things you want future leaders in your organization to accomplish?What are the main behaviors you want the future leaders to show?Remember the answer to the above questions, as well as to your business’ values, is not a list of universal points. Each organization will want different things from leadership development, just as each individual will get different things out of the programs. Therefore, a start-up would most likely what to achieve something different to an established business struggling to stay relevant.Furthermore, the business culture is often built on different things. One company might put customer satisfaction at the centre, while another might be all about sustainability and eco-friendly solutions. The two first steps are something each company has to do on their own. Mark Murphy, chairman and CEO of Leadership IQ, perfectly captured this idea in an Inc. interview on leadership development. Murphy said,“One of the things that hurt the leadership industry i s the idea that there are 10 or 12 skills that magically work for everybody. That’s not how the world works. It’s a variety of skills, a variety of styles.”When you are defining the objectives for the organization, you need to consider the specific aspects of the business and the industry. Don’t set goals that are not achievable for your organization. Setting sustainable and achievable leadership development goals is similar to setting business goals. You can use the below image as an example:SMART Goal Setting in 5 Easy StepsStepMnemonicDescriptionSmart GoalCriteria met?1SpecificWhich, what, who, where, when, whyIncrease sales turnoverYes2MeasurableHow much or how manyto a minimum of $1000 per monthYes3Action orientedDescribe a resultSales turnover increasedYes4Realistic RelevantRealistic and relevant to the individuals business?Determined by the business owner. This decision would need to take into account current sales turnover and the time frame between now and the targ et date to achieve the desired increase.Yes5Time basedBy whenBy 15.03**YesSource: Network Marketing blogWith the goals defined, you can start looking into the different leadership development options available. As mentioned above, the most common options are individual-focused programs and organization-wide programs. Depending on the size of the organization, you could also integrate a leadership development program into the fabric of the business and have in-house staff as coaches, but it’s also possible to hire an external training scheme.The leadership development programs also range on the length. Certain organizations implement these practices in the long-term, while others might opt for a limited time period. It’s essential to examine the different options and find the one that best suits the organizations objectives. Finally, the resources and tools also include things such as books, questionnaires, monitoring software and so on.Step 3: Get top-level to buy-in on the prog ramFor organizations, one of the key components to successful implementation of a leadership development plan comes from getting everyone involved. Not only does this mean identifying the right people to participate in the program, but also getting the top-level executives to buy-in in the training scheme.First, let’s look at the importance of having the leaders involved with the scheme. The leadership development plan has to be part of the CEO’s or leader’s priority and not implemented by lower level management. If the leader isn’t interested or involved, then it’s hard to guarantee results.The difficulties of not having a buy-in will manifest in two ways.First, if the top-level executives are not involved, the program will face difficulties in terms of time and money. Getting the top-level executives involved can guarantee more time is allocated to leadership development because the organizations top leaders feel the project is an important part of improving the business ’ bottom line. Commitment to the cause will also be likely to provide more resources for the program. When leaders are committed to the development scheme, they understand the value and are, therefore, willing to invest resources to it.The second crucial reason involves setting an example. Leadership is always about setting an example and not simply telling others what to do. When employees are led by strong example, they are more likely to copy the behaviors and actions as they can see the results and the value of doing things in the specific manner. If you are looking to create a successful leadership development program, then you need the current leaders to attend and guide the future leaders. The ability to learn from people that are currently leading will be a valuable lesson for the employees. Not only is this important in training the future leaders of the organization, leadership development program will be useful in offering a fresh perspective to the leader as well. Lead ership is a continuous path of development.Dan McCarthy, a leadership expert, has written an informative post on how CEOs should stay involved with leadership development. McCarthy proposes 10 essential ways to show more commitment towards the program and to get results:Don’t get caught up in the process, but fix your attention on the well-defined results.Expect quality results from your Human Resources team.Lead by example.Focus on the actual ways leaders are developed â€" new challenges, other people and solid resources.Remember to focus on long-term objectives and vision.Assess talent properly.Implement proper accountability structures within the organization.Maintain involvement in leadership development programs.Get the board to sign up for the training schemes.Act swiftly when results are not achieved.The second aspect involves identifying the right candidates for the leadership development program. Your training scheme can be tailored around the top talent instead of blindl y picking trainees for the schemes. Identifying the most suitable candidates can in some cases be left to the training company or you could have the human resources scout the employees that’ll most benefit from the scheme.Step 4: Implement practical solutionsSimilar to focusing on realistic objectives, leadership development should always be based on practical solutions. The key to leadership development isn’t just to tell about the good practices you’d want them to do as leaders, but show through real life examples what the objectives are. Leadership is about leading through example and if you want to raise future leaders that are effective, you need to show them what is expected of them.In the Inc. article, Disney’s programming coordinator for the Disney Institute, Bruce Jones, said the company uses case studies as part of their leadership development. “We want those case studies to be as current as possible, as relevant as possible,” Jones explained, stating that the organization is always testing different approaches and then sharing the results with its leadership development program. In the same article, Murphy went on to state,“Leadership is as much performance art as much as it is everything else. They can talk a good game, but if they go out into the real world and an employee starts talking to them and they roll their eyes, well, they haven’t learned much.”The behaviors and actions you teach as part of the training scheme must have context in a real-life situation. This is also why having the top-level executives to buy-in in the program is vital. It provides the trainees a chance to talk to leaders who are out there right now and learn from their behaviors in dealing with issues.When you are picking out a mentor or selecting the trainers for the leadership development scheme, emphasis must be on this practical application. You want to pick people who have leadership experience, either as a leader or a long-term career in mentoring leaders. Experience in terms of teaching about leadership is crucial because it is one area, where time often makes the biggest difference. Leadership is definitely not an act you can learn overnight, even if you show the signs of being a true leader right from the start.Step 5: Measure performanceFinally, once you’ve implemented a program and embarked on the journey to leadership development, you need to start focusing on the outcomes. As mentioned in the guide before, you can have ineffective results if you don’t plan your program carefully. But in addition to planning, you can also guarantee success by measuring the plan’s performance at every step of the way. By being aware of how effective the program is you are able to correct issues on the go.Be aware of the short- and long-term objectives and implement a progress assessment method to regularly measure how these objectives are being approached. The assessment should be about the specific tools and resources, asking the participants to analyze their effectiveness with the goals in mind. But you also need to regularly obtain feedback from the participants to ensure you know what they are learning and the improvements they might be looking for.Naturally, you should also keep an eye on the financial impact of the program: Are you increasing productivity since the leadership development? What has it done to your succession rates? Is employee satisfaction increasing? Effective leadership development will provide benefits to an organization and the training scheme can and should be measured to ensure the organization is enjoying these advantages.THE BOTTOM LINELeadership development is a natural occurrence because even the most experienced leaders are constantly developing their craft. Leadership is not easily mastered and therefore, you should always be willing to learn more about it. It’s also a skill that once gained should always be shared and passed on because it can help create the next generatio n of leaders. Therefore, leadership development â€" the process of improving one’s ability to lead â€" should be at the heart of every organization.Organizations can be wary of leadership development programs, as they can easily be seen as ineffective and costly ventures. But the drawbacks are generally tied to lack of preparation and planning. You can’t start leadership development without understanding your options in terms of the tools and resources, but also without carefully defining what leadership looks like for your organization.Understanding your leadership needs and defining the outcomes you want to achieve through leadership development is more important than deciding whether you want to opt for an individual or collective approach. Once you are aware of the organizational and personal requirements, then finding the right development training schemes is easier since you know what you need.

Womens Role In World War I - Free Essay Example

Womens roles in World War I were limited because of the gender roles constructed in society at the time. In support of this, Janet Lee, who wrote The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry provides information on womens roles around the time of World War I and demonstrates the stereotypes that were present. Lee says that at the end of the nineteenth century women were considered passive, submissive, emotional, and self-sacrificing which led to their assumed inferiority at the time (Lee 144). Another scholar, Einav Rabinovitch-Fox, who wrote New Women in Early Twentieth Century, talks about the various female identities and how they changed with the progression of womens movements. Fox describes that by the turn of the nineteenth century, womens movements began to grow, including the rise of the Gibson Girl. The Gibson girl was a new image of female identity. This idealistic, slim, white woman, was often depicted engaging in leisure activities such as sports, or other outdoor activities. This was an improvement in the image of women at the time because it gave them more freedoms which allowed for the possibility that their long held domestic images were malleable after all. This newfound identity would pave the path for women to transform what women might negotiate for themselves as they sought to enter the public world (Lee 140). With the onset of World War I, men leaving for war left job positions open to be filled by women. With this, women were able to take on more positions in the homefront while simultaneously allowing for an expansion of roles in the military, through ideals of womanhood and womens unique nurturing and civilising qualities [which] supported claims for equality and civil rights (Vining and Hacker 335). Women were able to take on roles of care in the war as ambulance drivers and nurses, which is depicted in Radclyffe Halls short story Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself (1934). Additionally, some women who werent able to take on these roles instead supported the war effort in a different way, as is illustrated in I Sit and I Sew (1918) by Alice Moore Dunbar- Nelson. Even though this progression seemed to be a major advancement for women, men would not relinquish the power they held in society. Men had long held the positions of control and were able to make most of the decisions surrounding laws that worked to maintain their power. The state, composed of majority of men, did not want to allow women to enter the war because it would send a message that they were acknowledging womens rights as citizens, and therefore their ability to make decisions that would affect all of society. Considering the stigma that women were passive and emotional they were certainly not seen fit to make these types of decisions. Nevertheless, womens movements were advancing their agenda with the onset of the political New Woman. Unlike the previous ideal of womanhood associated with the Gibson Girl, the New Woman was mainly associated with the growing influence of women in politics and reform movements, especially the struggle for womens rights (Fox 6). Fictional wom en such as Miss Ogilvy and the woman in the poem I Sit and I Sew countered the social constructs of gender by contributing to the war effort despite attempts to hold them back. I argue that their contributions allowed them to challenge their traditional roles but did not allow for a complete revision of gender in society. In a poem written by Wilfred Owen in 1921, called Dulce Et Decorum Est the atrocities that occurred during World War I are described. World War I saw the onset of both trench and chemical warfare making it one of the most gruesome wars in history. With the onset of new technology enabling less soldiers to be on the front today, we often forget those who stood on the ground fighting with all of the brutalities of earlier methods of warfare. Because of this, poems that describe war, such as Dulce Et Decorum Est are important because they give the reader some insight on the experiences of war, including details of the chemical warfare: Gas! GAS! Quick-boys! An ecstasy of fumbling/ Fitting the clumsy helmets on just in time, but someone was yelling out and stumbling/And floundering like a man in fire of lime (ll. 9-12). In this quote, Owen describes the chaos of war, and his own experiences seeing men dying. Women in the home front were much aware of what was going on with the war and wanted to help fight. The fictional character Miss Ogilvy demonstrates proof of this in the short story Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself. Miss Ogilvy struggles with the social constructs present at the time, keeping her from fighting alongside her equal male counterparts. She describes how she felt not being allowed to take part in the war, how she wished to go up to the front-line trenches, she wished to be actually under fire, she informed the harassed officials (Hall 11). This quote tells the reader of Miss Ogilvys passion to fight in the war, not caring how gruesome it might be. Miss Ogilvy counters ideals of femininity at the time by demonstrating the very image of [women] as soldier[s].was fundamentally disturbing to wartime definitions of both femininity and masculinity (Watson 2004, 57) (Lee 145). Allowing women to enter the war whilst simultaneously enforcing concepts of femininity at the time, threatened both male and female ideas of gender roles. On one hand, men were considered brave for facing the brutalities of war and Womens military service disrupted the logic that only men were sacrificed as combatants, therefore only men might qualify for political citizenship (Lee 142). By allowing females, who were not considered functional outside of their domestic ability, to engage in the same acts that men were, it takes away from mens perceived braveness. On the other hand, it allowed women to demonstrate their capabilities in handling the same brutalities that men had always been glorified for, and thus supported womens movements towards equality. Women like Miss Ogilvy countered the stigmas by directly participating in the war. Miss Ogilvy formed an ambulance unit, which saw as much of the battle as those on the frontline without the same recognition. According to scholars Margaret Vining and Barton C. Hacker, in an article entitled From Camp Follower to Lady in Uniform, women in the late 1800s continued to push the bounds on what they were allowed to do in war and began forming organizations such as the Red Cross and others, that sought to include all classes of women, providing them with more leadership opportunities. Their increased roles raised to a new level the debate over the proper role of women in modern democratic society (Vining and Hacker 362). Real women, such as Vining and Hacker discuss, and fictional women like Miss Ogilvy set an example for women to follow, sparking the thought process that if one woman could do it, so could another. Radclyffe Hall provides evidence of this in Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself when she describes how Miss Ogilvy went to London and it was really surprising how many cropped heads had suddenly appeared as if it were out of space; how many Miss Ogilvies, losing their shyness had come forward, asserting their right to serve, asserting their claim to attention (12). This quote tells the reader that there were many women who thought the same way Miss Ogilvy did, and with numbers comes more strength. According to the article by Vining and Hacker, because women were so well organized on their own, when the war did begin, they took on active roles in the American Red Cross, which was one of the most far-reaching relief organizations during the war with eight million female volunteers. Because women were set up when the war began, men had no choice but to accept their help, allowing women to take some of the control that men had previously held. Contributions of women such as Miss Ogilvy and others like her allowed for a group of women to come together and push the bounds on what men would permit them to do. Women who were not able to help with the war effort in this way, seemed to have lesser involvement; in reality their influence made just as much of an impact to countering ideas of femininity as those who were directly involved. Some women seemed to be subdued in the roles society had provided; however, a quiet revolution was brewing in their minds. In the poem I Sit and I Sew by Alice Moore Dunbar-Nelson, the narrator dreams of being allowed to participate in the war but is not able to because of the societal constructs that chain her to domestic duties. The speaker describes how she is forced to stay at home, which was common at the time because of the middle-class ideal of femininity inherited from the Victorian era [that] might locate respectable womanhood in the leisured activities of the domestic household and see it as unnatural for women to function outside this sphere (Lee 140). In the poem, the woman dreams of joining war but is constrained by gender roles and must sew, The little useless seem, the idle patch (Dunbar-Nelson 15-16). The monotony of the womans task causes her to question why she cant do the same things that men are allowed to do in terms of war. Questioning her own roles shows that she is no longer agreeing with them. Men recognized that once women started a movement, they would continue to push their agendas until their results of equal status were conceived, and wanted to keep them from actively trying to achieve this goal by keeping them busy with other things, such as sewing, knitting or gardening. The men keeping them oppressed did not realize that despite their hands being occupied, their minds were busy with plans and thoughts of war. Men did not consider their thoughts because of the belief that thinking of battle might invoke a passive and emotional response in women. Dunbar-Nelson describes wasted fields, and writhing grotesque things/ Once men. ( ll. 10-11). Because she conveys war in this way, it shows that the speaker does not glorify war. Just like Miss Ogilvy, she knows exactly what she would be getting into by joining the war. This is an attitude of nationality that men did not support women having. Enabling them to have this mindset would only reinforce the womens movements about equal rights because it would [instill] women with a sense of duty to society and nation (Vining and Hacker 359). This thought would threaten the existing structure of power because it implies that women will fight for what they want at all costs instead of being repressed as they once had been. The woman in I Sit and I Sew had this mindset and although she does not get to join the war effort in the poem, her contribution of thoughts helped make an impact on the minds of women around her, helping to further the growing movement of womens rights. However, both texts seem to imply that although their contributions were significant, society was never comple tely changed. In Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself there is a moment when the story shifts, and Miss Ogilvy travels back in time and becomes a male Neanderthal who has a female partner. During this chunk of the story, there is a battle going on between the two tribes. This portion is different from the rest of the tale because it exaggerates the gender roles present in Miss Ogilvys society. Halls use of gender swapping seems to imply the exact opposite of what Miss Ogilvy counters throughout the rest of the story. The Neanderthal man (Miss Ogilvy) refers to the female partner as his small berry(Hall 29), implying that she is weak and fragile, a stereotype of women during Miss Ogilvys time. Miss Ogilvy finds herself in the position of power she has craved all along. Finally able to fight and attain power in this fictional society, something which she was never able to achieve in her real world. Miss Ogilvys fantasy shows her as the ultimate contributor to the war by allowing her to be a male who dominates over females, and thus gaining not only the status to fight on the front line but also to make decisions concerning others. Miss Ogilvys ideal mate being the exact stereotype that she is fighting against seems to suggest that women will never gain any real power simply because they are women. Only the changing of sex into a male will allow them to achieve power in society. Hall could have portrayed Miss Ogilvys fantasy as a changing society in which women are allowed to fight and men are those that are stereotyped as weak. Because she did not do so, it shows that both Hall and the fictional character Miss Ogilvy believe that their status as women in society makes them eternally doomed to succumb to a power complex that will not change. Similarly, in the Dunbar-Nelson poem I Sit and I Sew although the woman imagines herself in battle, she remains confined to the domestic duties that she is unable to escape. Both Dunbar-Nelson and Hall seem to suggest that although women are able to make contributions to the changing of society, they fail to alter it completely. These texts challenge stereotypes of the time by placing the characters in contexts that dont agree with their predetermined gender roles, but they fail to bring forward a changing of society. Ultimately, the reader learns that fighting for a cause you truly believe in can only get you so far. Miss Ogilvy winds up dead by the end of her fantasy, and never returns to her real world. This proposes that the only way for her to escape the bounds of society is to disappear permanently, offering no resolution to the changing of gender roles. This is an issue that carries on decades after the war ended. Gender roles that were established before the nineteenth century have lasting impacts on what women are able to do in society today. Societal constructs created in the past, influence what jobs women are able to attain, pay they receive and many other aspects. Fictional characters like Miss Ogilvy and the woman in I Sit and I Sew demonstrate the ongoing battle to achieve equal status that women faced in the past and are still relevant in the present. Miss Ogilvy and the woman in I Sit and I Sew as well as real nineteenth century women, showed how their contributions to World War I challenged typical gender roles of society at the time. The poem and short story fail to bring forward a changing of society, showing that the battle for gender revision in society has not been won. Women are still faced with this issue today and will continue to fight modern ideas of gender construction just as those before them.

Developing a Health Advocacy Campaign for HIV Stigma...

My preparation for this assignment began with a review of the Healthy People initiative that was developed by the Department of Health and Human Services. There are many ongoing health issues that our healthcare system is currently dealing with. The Healthy People initiative is a set of goals and objectives designed to guide national health promotion and disease prevention to improve the health of all people in the United States (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). The population health issue I’ve chosen for my policy developing campaign is HIV stigma reduction. In this assignment I will illustrate the significant impact of the stigma towards the population infected with HIV/AIDS and suggest a potential advocacy campaign†¦show more content†¦At the time of the discovery of HIV globally, the overwhelming majority of infected individuals were homosexual men, intravenous drug users, and others that engaged in promiscuous or unprotected sexual activities. Shortly following the initial discovery of the virus, many more documented cases of the disease began to surface in the United States. â€Å"U. S. epidemiologists had documented the mysterious symptoms in heroin users, heterosexuals, newborns, people with hemophilia, and people who had received blood transfusions† (Poindexter, 2007, p. 6). As this newly documented disease made more and more persons dangerously ill, medical professionals found it began to be accompanied by an intensely isolating stigma. This HIV related stigma resulted in cruel discrimination toward infected individuals that lead to poor health outcomes, noncompliance with therapy, increased levels of depression and stress. Severe symptoms of HIV/AIDS began to appear sooner than expected which lead to poorer health and lower quality of life for infected individuals. The stigma and discrimination became a monumental issue for those found to be HIV positive, especially when compounded by the existing comorbidit ies in which they had to contend. Two existing advocacy programs I found for this assignment were specifically developed for HIV stigma reduction and for support of the infected population. One of the very first and most powerful organizations created to manageShow MoreRelatedDeveloping A Health Advocacy Campaign For Hiv Stigma Reduction899 Words   |  4 Pagesproject is developing a health advocacy campaign for HIV stigma reduction. In our project, we illustrate the significant impact of the stigma towards the population infected with HIV/AIDS and suggest a potential advocacy campaign to reduce the stigma and incidence of this epidemic. Through this project, I learned what a lot of people don’t understand, is that anyone can be affected at anytime if they put themselves in a situation where they could be at risk. People identified as being HIV positiveRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV )1318 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that infects the cells of human immune s ystem, causing destruction and impairing the cellular functions. Progressive deterioration of the immune system at cellular level causes associated infection to undermine the immune system putting the patient at risk of opportunistic infections. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the most advanced stage of HIV. AIDS is caused when HIV related cancers hit the immune system by 20 or more opportunistic infectionsRead MoreTransnational Service Organization : Unaids Essay2032 Words   |  9 Pagesof HIV/AIDs, prevent HIV among drug users, eliminate new cases of HIV in children, to reach some 15 million living with HIV with antiretroviral drugs, avoid tuberculosis deaths, close the resource gap, eliminate gender inequalities, eliminate stigma and discrimination, and to eliminate violence towards women and girls (www.UNAIDs.org). With so many objectives and goals, UNAIDS has a number of cosponsors. These cosponsors and their objectives are as follows: UNHCR: â€Å"UNHCR runs substantial HIV programsRead MoreSafe Sex No Regrets Campaign Essay2761 Words   |  12 PagesSafe Sex, No Regrets Media Campaign Australia has been experiencing increased rates of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) over the past ten years as a direct result of unsafe sex practises (ABS- Australian Social Trends, Jun 2012). These infections are some of the most common illnesses worldwide affecting the health and wellbeing of people infected, particularily women in regards to their fertility (Gerbase, Rowley, heymann et, al 1998). Northern Territory Health (2008) along with the otherRead MoreThe Trends in Depressive Disorders in Malawi from 1990 tO 20101761 Words   |  8 PagesPublic Health Interventions on mental health service delivery in Malawi There have been a strong advocacy by the mental health practitioners to strengthen the elements of public health such as public health intelligence, interventions and infrastructure in addressing mental health services during international conferences (11). This has led to the Ministry of Health in Malawi to plan for the interventions dealing with the disease prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of the patients once theyRead MoreExaming the Cultural Practice of Ukuthwala and Its Impact on the Rights of the Child13071 Words   |  53 Pages20 school girls are forced to drop out of school every month to follow the traditional custom of ukuthwala. It was further reported that parents play a role in the abductions. Some of these girls are virgins and the men they are forced to marry are HIV positive. This is not thwala as it is traditionally known. Thwala was intended for people of the same age group, who in the normal course of events, would have been expected to marry each other. Old men were never engaged in thwala. Ukuthwala was neverRead MoreEpidemiology of Hiv14908 Words   |  60 PagesChapter 1 1.1 Background The HIV and AIDS pandemic remains one the most serious development crises in the world (WHO, 2006). Women and children bear a disproportionate share of the burden, and in many settings continue to experience high rates of new HIV infections and of HIV-related illness and death. In 2005 alone, an estimated 540 000 children were newly infected with HIV, with about 90% of these infections occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (UNAIDS, 2006) .UNAIDS estimates that approximatelyRead MoreEarly Marriage9846 Words   |  40 Pages |8 | | |Total |46 |14 |34 |17 |40 |13 |9 | Some countries do have data. According to Bangladesh’s demographic and health survey of 1996-1997, there are 28 million adolescents in Bangladesh, 13.7% of these are girls, and the survey reported that more than half the girls below 19 were married and 5% of 10-14 year old girls were married. Another survey of women 25-29 yearsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility15903 Words   |  64 Pagescompetitors and in the process promoting the cause with monetary aid. Advocacy Advertising of social issues and corporate volunteerism in community activities that are sponsored by corporate. This kind of promotion helps increase awareness of the social cause. â€Å"Advocacy campaigns such as Shell Oil’s ads on driver safety or Budweiser’s effort to promote ‘responsible drinking and driving’ differ from public service campaigns in that they not only promote a common good, but also focus on protectingRead MoreEssay about Alcoholism and Drug Addiction17765 Words   |  72 Pagescompulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinkers health, personal relationships, and social standing. It is medically considered a disease, specifically a neurological disorder, and in medicine several other terms are used, specifically alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence which have more specific definitions. 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My Reflection On My Stress - 1405 Words

There are always things stressing us out, sometimes some more than others. My stress stems from my continuation of my education, from elementary school, high school, and College. From there on, it spread to my self-image; how I saw myself both physically and mentally. As I continued studying in College, money became an issue. I had to look for a job, eventually for that job I had to â€Å"change† and adjust to the norms and rules of the environment, all of which is difficult. How I see my stress is mentally draining and I feel the need to run a way. But that is not an option. Stress will always be with us. The important fact is how do we deal with it in a positive way and cope with it. School, regardless of grade level, is stressful in both†¦show more content†¦I believe my plan to deal with the stress of school is a great, but there are more out-door options that I’m able to do. I can vary the exercise I do such as less heavy lifting and more aerobic exercise such as jogging and biking. Additionally, I can extend my meditation at home during the evening when my neighborhood has calmed down and its cooler and peaceful outside. Growing up, my family always ate out a lot, for two years my family lived without a stove to cook on. So, being a young family with very little money, we resorted to eating cheap fast food. Of course, we eventually got one but the habit of eating out remained, and it was the start of my negative body image. In the eight years of elementary school, I gained lots of â€Å"baby fat†. I was slowly realizing I was big and wearing husky clothing did not help. I wore lots of baggy clothes to hide it. Furthermore, it didn†™t help that I had bad acne. I didn’t want to see myself in a mirror or on pictures. Nearing the end of eighth grade, there was nothing I couldn’t really do. It wasn’t until my high school years that I wanted to be fit and have big muscles. At this point in my life I was thinning out because of my high metabolism during puberty, but I was not what I wanted to look like to be. I was stressing over acne which only produced more acne, and life was difficult for me as a teen. It was downward spiral of stressing over myself which only made me feel worse. In a previousShow MoreRelatedReflection and Action Plan of My Results from the Holmes and Rahe Self-Assessments of Stress991 Words   |  4 PagesIn discussing stress and anxiety in one’s life, the Holmes and Rahe Self-Assessments have the ability to put things into perspective for some people. My score, at 269, wasn’t much of a shock; however, seeing the words â€Å"you have a moderate to high chance of becoming ill in the near future† shocks the system. Couple those results with the nutritional value of foods I ingest, the diseases that befall us as a species, and the possibility of hereditary illnesses running through my own family, it shouldRead MoreIt ´s Important to Be Able to Cope with Stress and Burnout1351 Words   |  6 Pagesbe able to cope with stress and ensure that I do not burnout (Ross Deverell, 2004:305). Along with a thorough understanding of what stress and burnout is, I will use a personal past experience to explain how I will develop s tress-management strategies and implement them in my behaviour. Stress and Burnout: Stress is understood as the way in which a person responds to the demands, both physical and emotional, which have been placed on them. It is a reaction to change and stress can become more apparentRead MoreMy First Semester At Goizueta1596 Words   |  7 PagesStanford Business graduate Jennifer Porter notes, â€Å"Reflection gives the brain an opportunity to pause amidst the chaos, untangle and sort through observations and experiences, consider multiple possible interpretations, and create meaning† (2017, p. 1). As you will see, this reflection has enabled me to summarize my first semester, discover what I have learned about myself, lay out a path for growth, and create meaning. I hope you will use my reflection as a marker for what future students can uncoverRead MoreEvaluation Of A Nursing For An Increased Intracranial Pressure New Admission933 Words   |  4 PagesSimulation Reflection My charge nurse informed me that my assignment was to care for an increased intracranial pressure new admission. The gentleman was in his early thirties and he came in thought the hospital emergency department after wrecking his motorcycle. This patient was immediately transferred up to my intensive care unit and had family present. I went into the room to get report and my patient’s father constantly interrupted the dayshift nurse. He frantically asked what was happeningRead MoreMy Academic Experience873 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 9: My Academic Experience Fatimah M. Myers US/101 April 13, 2013 University of Phoenix Instructor – Annette Kubalanza Outline – My Academic Experience 1. The Value of Completing a Degree in Higher Education 2. Plans for My Academic and Career Future 3. Reflections of Topics in Class A. Time and Stress Management B. University Resources C. 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He frantically asked what was happeningRead MoreStudent Course Reflections Assignment Document1296 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Course Reflection Assignment Document Yekaterina Tarkovsky Introduction to University Studies - US101 Dr. Eli Reiter April 7, 2013 Introduction Introduction to University Studies class helped me realize how to create a plan of action for education and professional success by reflecting on lessons learned throughout this course. I would like to touch base on my favorite topics throughout this class and discuss my further plans in my professional life. Discussion * In the followingRead MoreReflective Individual Reflection : Level 41220 Words   |  5 PagesReflective Individual Reflection: Level 4 Starting my journey through college again was a big decision for me. Being a single parent of two children, a homeowner, and holding a stressful, full-time job left me with little free time. However, I longed to reinvent myself and find a way to advance my career. 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Genuine reflection requires us not just to provide justifications for our behaviors, but to continue to study and appraise ourselves and own personal development including how we communicate and interact with others. Self-reflection ensures we carry out our nursing obligations according to the requirements of our practice and that we connect and consider our patients and coworkers in a caring way (Jacobs, 2016). Nurses also

The Use of Narratives and Its Effect on Stories - 747 Words

The Use of Narratives and Its Effect on Stories The use of narrative view are important for an author. It determines how the reader interpret the story and ultimately understanding the theme. In the work of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephant† Ernest Hemingway uses third person objective point of view to present the conflict of a young couple over the difficult decision of whether to have an abortion. In comparison to Hemingway’s work, â€Å"Great Falls† by Richard Ford, tells the story of the breakdown of the parents’ relation through the eyes of the protagonist Jackie. The authors of the two short stories use these different points of view, to allow the reader understand the overall themes of the stories; which are the essence of a good story.†¦show more content†¦Also the hill is long and â€Å"white† (Hemingway, 661-662). The description of the setting suggests the couple’s journey together is bland, empty and the lack of vagueness. Opposite to the station, Jig walks across the à ¢â‚¬Å"fields of grain and tree along the banks of the Ebro† (Hemingway 663). The setting on the other side of the station, gives the reader a vivid image of life, something that Jig desires. The conversation between the couple quickly escalates into a heated debate like the â€Å"dry side of the valley† (Hemingway 664). Instead of directly revealing that conflict is about abortion, Hemingway lets the reader interpret the intended â€Å"operation† through the setting and the tones of speech from the character. Furthermore, through the third person narrative, Hemingway establishes the theme of coming of age and valuing of life. While Hemingway slowly lets the reader in through an indirect presentation of the issues and their struggle. On the other hand, Ford, by using first person narrative, presents to the reader the voice of a man going back in time to talk about his past. The setting of the story, as described by Jackie, is a â€Å"flat, treeless bench landâ₠¬  (Ford, 564), suggesting the isolation and hopelessness Jackie faces. In addition, the direct way of telling the reader about the standoff draws the reader closer to the narrator’s feeling as if the reader is Jackie standing next to his father; with all the hopelessness and cluelessness he endures. Furthermore,Show MoreRelatedNarrative Structure of Frankenstein Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In Frankenstein, the narratives seem to grow organically from one another: it is impossible to extricate the narratives from one another, as they are so closely linked and interwoven.† Discuss the novel’s shifts in narrative perspective. What is the effect of presenting different character’s viewpoints, especially those of Victor and the monster? Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has a very complex narrative structure: â€Å"the narratives seem to grow organically from one another†. 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Practice Safe Text Essay - 1254 Words

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Actus Reus †Paper Free Essays

string(57) " ambiguity when dealing with problematic medical issues\." ACTUS REUS: OMISSION CAUSATION The general basis for imposing liability in  criminal law  is that the defendant must be proved to have committed a guilty act whilst having had a guilty state of mind. The physical elements are collectively called the actus reus and the accompanied mental state is called the mens rea. It is the fundamental duty of the prosecution to prove both of these elements of the offence to the satisfaction of the judge or jury beyond reasonable doubt. We will write a custom essay sample on Actus Reus – Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the absence of such proof the defendant will be acquitted. ACTUS REUS An actus reus consists of more than just an act. It also consists of whatever circumstances and consequences are recognised for liability for the offence in question – in other words all the elements of an offence other than the mental element. The term actus reus has been given a much wider meaning by Glanville Williams in his criminal law. He says : When he use the technical tern actus reus we include all the external circumstances and consequences specified in the rule of law as constituting the forbidden situation. Reus must be taken as indicating the situation specified in the actus reus as on that, given any necessary mental element, is forbidden by law. In other words, acus reus means the whole definition of the crime with the exception of the mental element – and it even includes a mental element in so far as that is contained in the definition of an act. Actus reus includes negative as well as positive elements. For example, as stared earlier, the actus reus of murder is the causing of death of a person. It also includes circumstances, such as the person whose death has been caused was not as a consequence of a sentence or death given to him or that the death was caused within the territorial jurisdiction of the state. OMISSIONS IN CRIMES Omissions are controversial for two main reasons_ first, whether and to what extent it is justifiable omissions rather than acts; and secondly, whether liability for omissions rather than act requirement in criminal law. Pursuing the second point here, much has been made above of the importance f requiring proof that the defendant voluntarily did something to produce prohibited conduct or consequence. In so far as this can be termed an ‘act requirement’, are omissions a true exception to it? If they are, is this another argument against criminalizing them? One much-discussed preliminary question is the distinction between acts and omissions. Sometimes it is argued that certain verbs imply action and therefore exclude liability for omiss ions, and that the criminal law should respect. The distinctions flowing from this. English courts have often used this linguistic or interpretive approach. It has led to a variety of decisions in different statutes, without much discussion of the general principles underlying omissions liability. The law commissions considerably draft criminal code may be said to signal the continuation of this approach, by redefining the homicide offences in terms of ‘causing death’ rather than ‘killing’, and refining the damage offences in terms of ‘causing damage’, rather than ‘damaging’, so as ‘to leave fully open the courts the possibility of so constructing the relevant (statutory) provisions as to impose liability for omissions’. The draft cod would therefore remove any linguistic awkwardness in saying, for example, that a parent killed a child by failing to feed it; but it does so in this specific instance, and without proclaiming a general principle, that the act requirement may be fulfilled by an omission of a duty can be established. Attachment to the vagaries of the language is no proper basis for delineating the boundaries of criminal liability. In some situations the courts, following the linguistic approach, have nevertheless found themselves able to impose omissions liability. In Speck (1977)3 the defendant was charged with committing an act of gross indecency with or towards a child. The evidence was that an 8 yr old girl placed her hand on his trousers over his penis. he allowed that hand to remain there for some minutes, causing him to have an erection. The court of appeal held that the defendants failure to remove the hand amounted to an invitation to the child with the act, or it created a duty in an adult to put an end to the innocent touching of this kind, with omissions liability for not fulfilling the duty. The analysis is similar to that in miller (1983) where D fell asleep whilst smoking, woke up to find the mattress smouldering, but simply left the room and went to sleep elsewhere. He was convicted of causing criminal damage by fire, on the basis that a person who initiates a sequence of events nnocently and then fails to do anything to stop the sequence should be regarded as having caused the whole sequence. On this view the conduct constitutes a single, continuing act; Miller caused the damage because he took no steps to extinguish the fire he had innocently started. It must be doubted whether these efforts to find an act which then coincides in point in point of time with defendants knowledge and intentions are convincin g. surely the courts are imposing liability for an omission on these cases, by recognizing that a duty arises. Speck is a little different from miller since the original act of the speck was of the girl, and the duty must therefore amount the recognition of an obligation on an adult to put an end to the indecent yet innocent touching by a child. In so far as these decisions appear to extend the statutory wording, are they objectionable on grounds of retroactivity and lack of fair warning, or defensible as applications of existing common law doctrine to new situations? In other situations it seems possible to offer plausible reasons for regarding the same event as either an act or an omission, and in some cases the courts have sought to exploit this ambiguity when dealing with problematic medical issues. You read "Actus Reus – Paper" in category "Papers" Yet it is one thing to say that a healthcare professional who decides not to replace an empty bag for a drip-feed has made an omission, whereas switching a ventilator off is an act; is another thing to maintain that the act-omission distinction should be crucial to any determination of the criminal liability in the two situations. In Airedale NHS trust v bland (1993)the house of lords held that it would be lawful for a doctor to withdraw treatment from a patient in a persistent vegetative state, even though death would inevitable be hastened by that conduct. The house held that the withdrawal of treatment would constitute and omission, and thus regarded the duties of the doctor as the central issue. The decision was that the doctor a doctor has no duty to continue life supplying treatment when it is no longer in the best interest of the patient, having regard to responsible medical opinion. However the court of appeal declined to adopt this subterfuge in Re A(conjoined twins: Surgical separation), holding that the surgical separation of the twins would undoubtedly an act, and subsequently deciding that carrying out an operation which would result in the death of one twin in order to save the life of other could be justifies on the grounds of necessity. This demonstration of the fragility of the act-omission distinction of the vagaries fthe English language indicates that it may be simplistic to oppose omissions liability in the principle. There are some clear cases of omission in which it is desirable to have criminal liability, such as the parent who neglects to feed her or his child or neglects to protect it from abuse. Omissions can be involuntary or not, in the same way as acts; and provided, that the harm resulted because D failed to intervene, it can be argued that omissions are also causes. Omissions liability ay therefore satisfy the principles that no one should be held liable for bodily movements that he or she did not or could not direct. It may also satisfy the principle that no person should be held liable for the conduct or consequences that he or she did not cause. But one point of the act requirement is to exclude liability for mere thoughts that do not result in some bodily movement, and omissions fall foul to that. They do so for a good reason – that certain positive duties to act are so important that they can rightly be made the subject of criminal liability. Of course, such a duty should also be defined with sufficient certainty and made known to those affected by it. So long as these formal requirements are fulfilled there can be no fairness objection to holding a person liable, provided that he or she is capable of taking some steps to carry out the duty. CAUSATION IN CRIMES An event is very often the result of a number of factors. A factor is said to have caused a particular event if, without that factor or, the event would not have happened. Thus, a man is said to have caused the actus reus of a crime, if, that actus would not have occurred without his participation in what was done. Some casual relationships has to be established between his conduct and the prohibited result. A man is usually held criminally liable only for the consequences of his conduct as he foresaw, (or is crimes of negligence, he ought to have foreseen). The act must be the causa causans, ie, the immediate or proximate cause of the effect. When the facts are direct and simple, then establishing the causal nexus between the act and the effect may not be difficult, as for instance in a case of person shooting another person and thereby killing him. The causation can also be without any direct physical act. if the victim asks his way on a dark night nd the accused with the intention of causing his death, directs him to a path that he knows will bring him to a cliff edge , and the victing suffers a fatal fall, this is clearly murder, though the accused has done nothing more than utter words. This can be true in cases of abetment, incitement and conspiracy. In the instances stated above, it is not difficult to establish the direct result between the cause and the effect. The difficulty ar ises only in cases of multiple causation, where it is difficult to establish the imputability. Example: A, intending to kill B but only wounds him very slightly. A clearly has the requisite mens rea for murder, that is, he foresees and desires B’s death. Not let us assume that on his being ta ken to the hospital in an ambulance, a piece of masonry from a building falls on the ambulance and kills B; or, alternatively, that B has a rare blood disease which prevents his blood from coagulation so that the slight wound leads to his death, which it would not have done if he had not been suffering from this disease; or, alternatively, that B refuses to have the wound treated and dies of blood poisoning, which would not have occurred if B had had the wounded treated. In all these cases, a problem of causation arises, i. e. , did A cause B’s death for the purposes of the criminal law so that he can be convicted of murder? If the result is too remote and accidental in its occurrence, then there is no criminal liability. CAUSATION AND NEGLIGENCE The difficulty of causation arises very often n cases of negligence. It has t be established that first, the conduct of the person was negligent and secondly, that but for the negligent act of accused, the accident would not have occurred. In other words, the actus reus should be causally connected to the act, which should be proved to be a negligent. In order to impose criminal liability under S 304A, IPC, it is essential to establish that death is the direct result of the rash or (and) negligent act of the accused. It must be causa causans – the immediate cause and not enough that it may be quasa sine qua non, ie, proximate cause. There can be no conviction when rashness or negligence of third party intervenes. In Suleman rahiman mulani v state of Maharashtra the Supreme Court has approved his rule. In Suleman rahiman mulani the accused who was driving the jeep struck the deceased, as a result of which he sustained serious injuries. The ccused put the injured person in the jeep for medical treatment, but he died. Thereafter, the accused cremated the body. The accused was charged under s304A and 201 of the IPC. As per s 304A, there must be direct nexus between the death of a person and rash and negligent act of the accused that caused the death of the deceased. It was the case of the prosecution of the accused had possesse d only a learner’s license and hence was guilty of causing the death of the deceased. The court held that there was no presumption in law that a person who possesses only a learner’s license or possesses no license at all, does not know driving. A person could for various reasons, including sheer indifference, might not have been taken a regular license . there was evidence to show that the accused had driven the jeep to various places on the previous day of occurrence. So before the accused convicted under s304A, there must a proof that the accused drove in a rash and negligent manner and death was a direct consequence of such rash and negligent manner. In the absence of such evidence no offence under s 304A was made out. The accused was acquitted of the charges. MINIMAL CAUSATION When death of a person is caused after medical treatment, it cannot be said that the treatment was not proper or inadequate, or had better treatment been given, the death would not have taken place. This is because, the intervention of the doctor is in the nature of minimum causation and hence its intervention would have played only a minor part, if any, in causing death. As far as the IPC is concerned, explanation 2 of s 299 specifically states that if an act causes death, even death could have been avoided by proper remedies and skilful treatment, the act shall be deemed to have caused death and the person will be criminally liable. If death results from an injury voluntarily caused, the person who causes the injury, therefore, is deemed to have caused the death, although the life of victim might have been saved if proper medical treatment, provided that it was administered in good faith by a competent physician or surgeon. In Moti singh v state of uttar Pradesh the deceased gayacharan had received two gunshot wounds in the abdomen which were dangerous to life. The injury was received on February 1960. There was no evidence when he was discharged from the hospital and whether he had fully recovered or not. He, however, died on march 1 1960. His body was cremated without post mortem being done. The supreme court held that the two gunshot injuries were dangerous to life were not sufficient for holding that gyancharans death, which took place about three weeks after the incident, was on account of the injuries received by him. The court observed that in order to prove the charges on gyancharans murder, it was necessary to establish that he had died on account of injuries received on him. Since, the was no evidence to establish the cause of death, the accused could not be said to have caused the death of gyancharan. A crucial aspect highlighted by the court in the case was that the connection between the primary cause and the death should not be too remote. CONCLUSION Causation is a complex topic, with which we have been able to deal only brief here. Proof of causation is often said to be an essential precondition of criminal liability, but there is reason to doubt the generality of that requirement, notably in respect of accomplice liability and vicarious criminal liability. Rather than insisting on a universal requirement of causation, it may be preferable to argue that liability should be negatived, in general, by the voluntary intervening act of another. Several criticisms of the judicial approach to three exceptional categories of case hace been advanced above. Often the explanations given by the courts are unconvincing. Whilst the traditional or standard causal theory emphasizes the significance of the last voluntary act, there is no reluctance to took wider or to massage the term ‘voluntary’ in certain situations, especially where D clearly stated that the sequence of events by doing a wrongful act. The challenge is to re-examine the intuitions that lead judges and others to their conclusions (the wrongful act theory, the approach to medical mistakes etc. ) with a view to constructing a law that ensures that the courts respect the various principles . BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. P. S. A. Pillai – Criminal law 2. Glanville Williams book on criminal law 3. www. lawteacher. com ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Page 427, principles of criminal law, Glanville williams [ 2 ]. Duff, criminal attempts, 317-20 Glanville Williams [ 3 ]. 65 CR App R 161. [ 4 ]. (1983) 2 AC 161 [ 5 ]. Criticisms by jc smith (1982) Crim LR 527 and 724, and D. Husak, philosophy of criminal law(1987), 176-8 [ 6 ]. See I. M Kennedy, Treat me right (1988) 169-74 [ 7 ]. (1993) AC 789 [ 8 ]. 4 ALL ER 961 [ 9 ]. Emery (1993) 14 Cr App R (s) 394, aand the new duty by the domestic violence, crime and victims act 2004. [ 10 ]. Glanville Williams, ‘criminal law- causation’) [ 11 ]. Rustom sherior Irani v state of Maharashtra(1969) ACC Cj 79 (SC) [ 12 ]. Md rangawalla v state of mahaarashtra AIR 1965 [ 13 ]. However a driver is expected to anticipate reasonably foreseeable negligent act to road users as contributory negligence has no application in criminal law. [ 14 ]. Re san pai (1936) 14 rang 643 How to cite Actus Reus – Paper, Papers