Aristotle s Theory Of The Four Causes - 2055 Words

a) Explain Aristotle’s theory of the Four Causes. (25) Aristotle was a student of Plato and although he admired his work, he didn’t necessarily agree with it. It is said that Plato and Aristotle represent two contrasting approaches to philosophy; Plato emphasises the world of idea and reason as the sources of knowledge, whereas, Aristotle emphasises the physical world and the experience as the basis of knowledge. Therefore, Aristotle rejected the dualist view of the world and Plato’s understanding of the (pre-existing) soul. He refused to believe that objects and things that existed in our material world were â€Å"imitations† of the perfect forms as Plato had suggested. Firstly, Aristotle was an ‘empiricist’ and believed that the world we live in is the only place in which we can have true knowledge because it is only through our sense experience and posteriori knowledge that we came to understand and acknowledge things. He emphasised the value of studying the physical world instead of creating a link between another world of â€Å"perfect forms†. Aristotle very much believed and relied on an empirical approach; he believed that ‘form’ was not an ideal but instead found within an object or thing itself. This form is in an objects structure and characteristics and can be perceived using our senses. For example a car is made of ‘matter’ but all the bits of matter in it have a particular arrangement and structure as part of the car; they have a particular ‘form’, however, this form isShow MoreRelatedThe Most Significant Of The Scientific Theories Have Made Considerable Progression1372 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of the millenniums, scientific theories have made considerable progression. At times improving sluggishly, where at times growing rapidly and skyrocketing. Some regions unprosperous than others at times, while others majorly succeeding where other nations are failing. These peaks and valleys are what provision the evolution of theories. The most significant of the preceding times was the era of Aristotle the philosopher around three hundred B.C., who helped lend a foundation for theRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Nature Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagessubject of discussion is through finding its primary causes and principles, and then stem back to the root, its elements(Physics 84a. 14-15). To exhibit we have knowledge of a specific subject matter we have to display and vocalize the contributing components that describe the subject. Aristotle titles these principles, causes and elements as previously listed.Therefore, the knowledge of nature must arise wi th questioning principles. Aristotle contends that only the elements and principles can beRead MoreAristotle s Contributions Of Western Philosophy1124 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the greatest classical Greek philosophers still known is Aristotle. His contributions to Western philosophy are in the areas of nature, nature, logic, metaphysics, the soul, morality, and politics. He was one of Plato’s students and studied under him for twenty years in the academy in Athens. He started to lecture about his on top of rhetoric. Aristotle became well known for his philosophies he began to tutor Phillip of Macedon son Alexander. After the death of Phillip’s, the school of platonicRead MoreTragedy In Shakespeares Othello1519 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher Aristotle gave the classic theory of tragedy a distinguishable definition. There are various elements included in a tragedy, making it both successful and enjoyable. From the dramatic plot to the audaciousness of characters t hat create intensity, every element is necessary to construct the classic tragedy. This can be observed through action as seen in Shakespeare’s Othello. Shakespeare’s play Othello, most closely resembles the Greek philosopher’s theory of tragedy that achieves Aristotle sRead More Aristotle And Meteorology Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pages Thesis: How accurate or inaccurate were Aristotle’s writings on meteorology? Introduction: Aristotle wrote about many subjects that can be grouped into five general divisions: logic, physical works, psychological works, natural history works, and philosophical works. One of the little known physical works concerned meteorology. Aristotle’s views on meteorology are fascinating, but many of the views were not accurate. This paper compares only a few of his views to actual meteorological factsRead MoreAristotle s Views On Politics1031 Words   |  5 Pageswhere Aristotle’s is coming from. Aristotle looked for solutions in a Universal manner. Basically, the principles and solutions for correctness comes from the idea that they have to be natural more than conventional. The idea of the good from Aristotle’s point of view comes from observation, he believed that the good is the final cause(there are three others that will be discussed), and that everyone can understand judgement and collective moral action. Aristotle also believed that people need toRead MoreAristotle s Contributions Of Aristotle931 Words   |  4 PagesBiography of Aristotle Aristotle Headshot Aristotle was born in 384 BC, in Stagira, near Macedonia at the northern end of the Aegean Sea. His father, Nicomachus, was the family physician of King Amyntas of Macedonia. It is believed that Aristotle s ancestors had been the physicians of the Macedonian royal family for several generations. Having come from a long line of physicians, Aristotle received training and education that inclined his mind toward the study of natural phenomena. This educationRead MoreRole Of The Citizen And The Organization Of The Infrastructure989 Words   |  4 Pagesthe good citizen (Somerville and Santoni 75). The â€Å"least desirable forms of government,† Aristotle suggests, were corrupted versions of the best governments because they act in their own interest as opposed to the interests of the many (Sterling). It is in Book VII that Aristotle further elaborates on the polity, or â€Å"ideal city,† and the way it is composed (Somerville and Santoni 95). He begins chapter four by stating that the city-size of the state must be manageable in both population and sizeRead MoreDifference in the Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle and Their Influence.1213 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom that of his teacher. Aristotle was the student of Plato, and like his teacher, grew up to ground his philosophy from that of Plato. Although, both Plato and Aristotle criticized their teacher’s works, they were also influenced by them. Both Plato and Aristotle developed their own modes of knowledge acquisition; Plato’s Platonic Idealism and Aristotle’s Analytic Empiricism. In this paper, my objective is to identify the differences in the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle, which lead to the developmentRead MoreAncient Greek Philosophers Who Have Helped Shape The World1350 Words   |  6 Pages twenty centuries ago, Greek philosopher Aristotle laid out the foundations of Western culture. The principles of Greek philosophy implemented its way into encompassing a persons point of view or their knowledge on society. Aristotle has helped improve and transmuted the world by his views on ethics and virtues he has instructed and justified thoroughly and the endowment of philosophy and science, whereas he created a comprehensive system of subjects. Aristotle has laid out virtues, which is the important

Renewable Energy A Pillar Of Kenyan Growth And Development

Renewable Energy: A Pillar of Kenyan Growth and Development MCR 601: Intelligence and the Global Strategic Environment LCDR Savery Introduction Although sluggish global growth will moderate growth forecasts, Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) stands out with year over year increases in GDP growth reaching 4.7% in 2013. One country that is leading the way as East-Africa s largest economy and SSA s ninth largest economy is Kenya, which has seen economic growth at 5.7% in 2013 a full percentage point above the SSA average. Kenya s economic targets for growth are as high as 10% under what is called Kenya s Vision 2030 development initiative. This economic growth target is part of an ambitious development blueprint, Vision†¦show more content†¦Additionally, difficulty is likely to be encountered in achieving developmental goals as Kenya has for a long time fallen victim to plundering of national assets whose development and broad distribution are essential for economic growth and prosperity. In this way, the newly discovered natural resources could threaten the success of Kenya s developmental goals. Neverthele ss, renewable energy will play a significant role as the driver of Kenyan economic growth and improvements to the standard of living and furnish Kenya with the large scale supplies of electricity needed of Vision 2030 s flagship projects. Discussion Kenya plans to make renewable energy its largest source of total installed electrical power capacity by 2020, driven largely by geothermal energy found in Kenya s Rift Valley. Estimates by Kenya s Energy Ministry indicate that Kenya s Rift Valley in Hell s Gate National Park contains as much as 10,000MW in total energy capacity alone, nearly seven times Kenya s current total energy consumption. To demonstrate Kenya s commitment to its Vision 2030 energy goals, Geothermic Development Corporation (GDC) began production in April 2014 of the world s largest geothermal energy production facility (810MW) at Menengai, in the central Rift Valley. Once complete, this single project will increase Kenya s total electrical generation capacity by 50% and decrease Kenya s

Service Business Management for Edward Elgar-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theService Business Management for Edward Elgar. Answer: Introduction The article explains in detail the issue of insincere audit by auditing firms which has become an issue of great concern by investors. The paper discusses the various case studies that have shaped fraud in auditing of financial statements by independent auditors. Failure by the auditors to conduct a thorough audit on companies` has resulted to huge losses by major companies globally. The paper expands that the lack of proper legislation placing more legal responsibility on the auditor in case they give unqualified opinion on the financial statements and they later turn to be fraud. Tesco used dodgy accounting to exaggerate their financial results so that investors could be lured into buying the companies` stock. The company was found to be have overstated the rebate income and hence exaggerating the revenues of the company. The other auditing firms also failed to detect fraud at Colonial bank which ended up becoming insolvent. Enron and WorldCom scandal was the most popular of these cases and it became the biggest accounting failure in history (Zimmermann Werner, 2013). This instigated the formulation of new laws governing auditing. This paper analyzes the roles and responsibility of auditors in any given organization. The paper also discusses regulations and deregulations in accounting as well as the impact. My view of the paper The paper analyzes the major cases in auditing fraud and the results of dodgy auditing activities. Auditing is a very sensitive process in an organization and therefore it is important that auditors are very thorough in their work. The auditing of a firms financial statements has to be done with the interest of the shareholders at the forefront. The big four auditing companies globally have been faced a by a series of cases where the companies have given a clean record on the financial records of an organization whereas there is a lot of fraud, misstatement, and omissions in the financial statements (Welytok, 2008).The auditing companies tend to create a warm relationship with the companies. The companies give handsome fees to the auditing companies and hence they end up compromising the standards of auditing and hence leading to an increase in these cases. Some auditors are personally responsible for the mess and they need to be legally responsible for the fraud and the misleading f inancial statements audited by their parent companies`. The regulatory body which is the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board should put more stringent measures to ensure that the interest of the shareholders is protected. The legislation should place individual legal responsibility on the auditors to who carried out the audit. This would help in increasing competence and professionalism in auditing profession so as to ensure that thorough audit is conducted on the companies and hence increasing the confidence of users of the financial statements who currently have lost faith in the external auditors( Great britain.2011). The auditors have to ensure that the companies` do not approve financial statements that are full of fraud. The auditing big auditing firms also need to take responsibility and raise the bar on auditing standards so as to save the investors from the huge losses that they have incurred as a result of misleading audited financial statements. Critical evaluation of role and responsibility of the auditor The auditors have a very large responsibility in protecting the interests of shareholders and other important stakeholders of the client company. The external auditors play a very critical role in scrutinizing and validating the financial statements of the client company. The audited financial statements of a company are very important to the lenders of finances and other creditors. If one of these stakeholders realizes that the auditor failed to detect material misstatements in financial statements. This gives a bad impression on the accounting firm and the company being audited. The bad publicity may come as a result of this failure and it may end up being very costly to the company itself and the auditing firm (Stachowicz-stanusch, Amann mMangia, 2017) It is therefore very important that auditors attached to a particular auditing firm have to be aware of the standards set by the regulatory bodies and the company itself. The following are the major responsibilities and duties of au ditors; The auditors are responsible for providing an opinion on the financial statements prepared by the company. The external managers are in charge of ensuring that the financial statements prepared by the accounting department of a company are in line with the accounting principles and standards stipulated in the International body of accounting and the Australian Accounting Standards Board (BrysonDaniels, 2015). The external auditor is not responsible for preparing the statements. They scrutinize and ensure that what is recorded in the financial statements is the ideal thing before giving an opinion on the financial reports. For this role to be played perfectly, the auditor needs to be very professional and independent. The auditor have the role of evaluating and understanding the internal control system. This helps the auditor to understand the major loopholes in the internal control system. This will also help the auditor to identify the most risky areas and rank them appropriately (Doyran, 2011). This will help to understand the The auditor has a responsibility of understanding the entity and the environment which the entity operates. The auditor needs to understand the nature of the industry in which the company is operating in. The auditor also needs to understand the challenges faced in the operating environment of the company and understand the items that are at the core of the businesses operations (Pietra, McleayRonen, n.d.). This will be important for the auditors to conduct risk assessment for the company and compare it with the other companies in the industry before deciding on how to go about their accounting work. The auditor also needs to obtain sufficient material evidence when making an opinion on the financial statements. The quality of evidence collected by the auditor is also crucial in backing up the opinion expressed by the author. The auditors have a responsibility of being independent throughout the auditing assignment. They should ensure that their independence is not compromised at whatever cost. The audit firms should not have a financial interest in the company which is the client. This will ensure that all the records are investigated thoroughly and a fair and true opinion is expressed by the auditor (Klikauer, 2012). This helps to raise the credibility and assurance of the external audit. The auditor has a responsibility of testing the documentation and supporting balances of accounts. The trial balances of the company and other testing documentation have to be investigated by the auditor. The auditor also has to observe and confirm the physical inventory to ensure that what is listed in the financial statements is actually what exists physically. Independence of auditors The issue of independence of either the external or the internal auditor is very critical. This is because the auditors are required to investigate the financial statement by the company and make an honest and true opinion on the financial statements. The auditors need to be independent from parties whether companies or individuals who have a financial interest in the company that is audited. The external auditor needs to be independent from the companies or the entities that have an interest in the financial statements of a particular entity (Hill Rae, 2010). The independence of an auditor is at the core of the code of ethics of the accounting profession and every auditing firms code of ethics. This is because the role of auditors in a company is to investigate financial statements independently without favoring any of the parties interested in the financial results. The independence of the auditor means that the users of the audited financial records will have increased confidence in the results. The scandals experienced since the year 2000 such as the Enron scandal has cast doubt on the independence of the auditors. This is because as discussed in the case studies, it is seen that the largest auditing companies have committed accounting failures that have been very costly to the companies and the investors (Beattie, FearnleyHines, 2011). Some auditing firms have colluded with the companies they are auditing to persuade them to compromise the auditing standards so as to accommodate material misstatements and issue unqualified opinion on the financial reports. New regulations need to be put in place to make the companies adhere to the principle of independence and hence enhance the confidence that parties have on audited financial statements. Regulations and deregulations There are very many changes in regulations that have been made to laws in the auditing sector to help reduce the failures that have been witnessed over the years. The audit/accounting failures witnessed since the year 2001 has necessitated an initiate to change the regulations of the industry and the profession to help increase confidence among the users of audited financial statements. Some of these changes have involved significant removal of some regulations which interfere with the ability of the auditors to deliver a true and fair opinion on a companys financial statements. There has been a call for companies to change auditors regularly. There has been proposals that an auditor should be given a contact of ten years after which their performance can be renewed to evaluates whether they are the best option. In the US, the Sarbanes -Oxley Act was implemented to deal with the issue of conflict of interest on the part of the auditing company Auditing firms were no longer allowed to offer consultancy services to their clients to present the conflict of interest. In 2005, the Supreme Court in America ruled that the shareholders must prove a direct causal link between the actions of the auditor and the decline in share price which has resulted to losses (Niskanen, 2007). The Public Company Accounting oversight Board (PCAOB) was formed to play a supervisory role over the auditing companies to ensure that the companies` adhere to the code of conduct and to other regulations regarding the auditing of public companies. The Financial Reporting council also plays the same role. Conclusion The Enron scandal brought about a new chapter in auditing of public accounts by the big auditing firms. The collapse of the company revealed many loopholes in the auditing of public companies financial statements. Many companies such as Tesco have found themselves in trouble with their investors due to failure by the auditors to detect risky areas in the company which have had a huge effect on the companies` books of account. Companies over the years have tried to cook financial records in order to impress the shareholders and gain a favorable price on their shares hence raising share capital. The auditing companies have failed to meet the auditing standards and have been lax in performing their audit functions and hence leading to many accounting failures. Changes have been made to help seal these loopholes by trying to place more legal responsibility on the auditors. The report discusses the roles and responsibilities of auditors and the regulations and deregulations that have been made to the on auditing over the years. References Beattie, v., fearnley, s., hines, t. (2011). Reaching key financial reporting decisions: How directors and auditors interact. Chichester, west sussex, united kingdom, john wiley sons. Bryson, j. R., daniels, p. W. (2015). Handbook of service business management, marketing, innovation and internationalisation. Cheltenham, edward elgar pub. Ltd. Doyran, m. A. (2011). Financial crisis management and the pursuit of power american pre-eminence and the credit crunch. Burlington, vt, ashgate. Http://site.ebrary.com/id/10478326. Great britain. (2011). Auditors: Market concentration and their role : 2nd report of session 2010-11. Vol. 2, vol. 2. London, stationery office. Hill, a., rae, s. B. (2010). The virtues of capitalism a moral case for free markets. Chicago, il, northfield pub. Klikauer, t. (2012). Seven management moralities. Houndmills, basingstoke, hampshire, palgrave macmillan. Niskanen, w. A. (2007). After enron: Lessons for public policy. Pietra, r., mcleay, s., ronen, j. (n.d.). Accounting and regulation [recurso electrnico] new insights on governance, markets and institutions. Stachowicz-stanusch, a., amann, w., mangia, g. (2017). Corporate social irresponsibility: Individual behaviors and organizational practices. Http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?Direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkan=1487257. Welytok, j. G. (2008). Sarbanes-oxley for dummies. Hoboken, n.j., wiley pub. Http://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?Bookid=24452. Zimmermann, j., werner, j. R. (2013). Regulating capitalism?: The evolution of transnational accounting governance. Basingstoke, palgrave macmillan. Http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?P=1514192.

Spring Break on a College Budget

College isnt cheap, and its certainly not easy to live extravagantly on a college budget. Normally at school, a meal thats not ramen or dining hall food is like eating a steak dinner. When you can barely afford a few nights out on the town, how are you possibly going to afford a trip over spring break? Luckily, weve all been there before. Getting creative over spring break is a science - it takes plenty of research and dedication, but you can find great results with a little patience. Here are a few tips on how to make your spring break just as fun at a fraction the cost.1. It’s time for a†¦ ROAD TRIP! Get your best friends together and go for a drive somewhere fun! Gas isn’t exactly cheap, but if you split the bill among your friends, it is much cheaper than buying plane tickets for all of you. You’ll get the best quality time singing your favorite songs, playing car games, and getting to know each other even better. Plus, you’ll get to choose to dri ve anywhere, whether it’s an easy hour or a full trip across the country.2. Another option that has become even more popular than ever is taking a relaxing cruise to exotic places. Whether you head to Jamaica, the Bahamas, or Mexico, taking a cruise is a great way to enjoy some great amenities and a great view while hanging out with your friends. They’re usually relatively inexpensive, and you won’t have to worry about driving or flying anywhere, making plans, or anything of the sort. Just sit back, grab a beach chair, and relax. 3. If you do want to go somewhere new and can afford to spend a little more but still don’t want to break the bank, head to a destination that is not as popular. There are plenty of amazing options that are still affordable and fun. Instead of going to Miami, go to Ft. Lauderdale or Daytona. There are still plenty of beaches around, and you’ll still get to experience the warm, Florida weather. Myrtle Beach, SC is another option where you’ll surely have just as much fun as your friends. With hotels under $100 (and even cheaper split between a few friends), you could be enjoying break in style with money left over when you’re back home. Whether youre just starting your search or youre looking for help applying, its never too early to make the college application process easier. Search to find students like you or contact a mentor for help with the admissions process so you can narrow down your choices and get a head start.

Barangay West Rembo essays

Barangay West Rembo essays When Fort Bonifacio was designated to be the home of the Philippine Army, B/Gen. Alfonso Arellano, the Commanding General of the Philippines Army at that time, relocated inhabitants of the nearby barrio to a well-situated area, which is now known as BARANGAY WEST REMBO. REMBO is actually an acronym for Riverside Enlisted Mens Barrio. Bounded in the north by J.P. Rizal Extension going to Pateros and Pasig River; in the east by Circumferential Road (C5 Highway) and Barangay East Rembo; in the west by Lawton Avenue (old Gate 1 Fort Bonifacio) and Barangay Cembo; and Kalayaan Avenue (Radial Road) and BCDA Global City in the south, which is composed of eight sitios. It has a land area of 54.7 hectares. Its physical attributes are both residential and commercial but the majority of the patterns of its land use are for residential lots. To date, it has a population of 30,534and has 19,937 registered voters. Military authorities used to appoint the Barangay Leaders until 1982, when the Commision on Electionsauthorized the residents of Fort Bonifacio to elect their Barangay Leaders who came mostly from the Philippine Army. This paved the way to the escalation of a peaceful and progressive Barangay in Makati today. Barangay West Rembo has been under thirteen Punong Barangays. The fourteenth and present Punong Barangay is Maria Theresa Nillo-de Lara. Setting a new trend in the political history of Barangay West Rembo, she is the very first female Punong Barangay, the only non-military personnel and the only one who rose from the ranks Kabataang Barangay and Barangay Kagawad. With the leadership of the City Government and Barangay Leaders, Barangay West Rembo attained its finest years. They stood up to the vision of transforming West Rembo as Makati Citys Center for Education and Cultural Affairs. Among these transformations were the establishments of modern public schools, Barangay Hall, Sports Complex, peoples ...

Dry Ice Composition and Uses

Dry Ice Composition and Uses Dry ice is the general term for solid carbon dioxide (CO), coined in 1925 by Long Island-based Prest Air Devices. Though originally a trademarked term, dry ice has become the most common way of referring to carbon dioxide in its solid, or frozen, state. How Is Dry Ice Manufactured? Carbon dioxide is frozen by compressing carbon dioxide gas to a high pressure to create dry ice. When it is released, as liquid carbon dioxide, it quickly expands and evaporates, cooling some of the carbon dioxide down to the freezing point (-109.3 F or -78.5 C) so that it becomes solid snow. This solid can be compressed together into blocks, pellets, and other forms. Such dry ice snow also forms on the nozzle of a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher when it is used. Special Properties of Dry Ice Under normal atmospheric pressure, dry ice undergoes the process of sublimation, transitioning directly from solid to gaseous form. In general, at room temperature and normal pressure, it sublimates at a rate of 5 to 10 pounds every 24 hours. Because of the very low temperature of dry ice, it is used for refrigeration. Packing frozen food in dry ice allows it to remain frozen without the mess that would be involved with other cooling methods, such as water from melted ice. Several Uses of Dry Ice Cooling materials- food, biological samples, perishable items, computer components, etc.Dry ice fog (see below)Cloud seeding to increase precipitation from existing clouds or decreasing cloud thicknessTiny pellets can be shot at surfaces to clean them, similar to sanding ... since it sublimates, the benefit is less residue to clean upVarious other industrial uses Dry Ice Fog One of the most popular uses of dry ice is in special effects, to create fog and smoke. When combined with water, it sublimates into a cold mixture of carbon dioxide and humid air, which causes condensation of water vapor in the air, forming fog. Warm water speeds up the process of sublimation, producing more dramatic fog effects. Such devices can be used to make a smoke machine, although simplified versions of this could be created by putting dry ice in water and using fans on low settings. Safety Instructions Do not taste, eat or swallow! Dry ice is very cold and can damage your body.Wear heavy, insulated gloves. Since dry ice is cold, it can damage even your skin, giving you frostbite.Do not store in sealed container. Because dry ice constantly sublimates into carbon dioxide gas, storing it in a sealed container will cause pressure to build up. If it builds up enough, the container could explode.Use only in ventilated space. In a poorly ventilated area, the build up of carbon dioxide could create a suffocation hazard. This is a great danger when transporting the dry ice in a vehicle.Carbon dioxide is heavier than air. It will sink to the floor. Keep this in mind when thinking about how to make the space ventilated. Obtaining Dry Ice You can buy dry ice at most grocery stores. You have to ask for it, though. Sometimes there might be an age requirement on buying dry ice, requiring someone age 18 or over. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

The Unity of the Old and New Testament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Unity of the Old and New Testament - Essay Example Matthew and the Revelation of St. John the Divine, so as to see how they relate with the Old Testament. First, it is important to acknowledge that the New Testament is premised upon, and works on, and from the substance and the religious and cultural heritage in the Old Testament. In the Old Testament, there is the reality of the beginning: the beginning of God’s creation and all life forms, the beginning of sin, suffering, sickness, senescence and death, the first declaration of the plan of redemption and the coming Messiah, and the establishment of covenants. As God establishes His covenants with man, He interacts with man and this forms the bulk of religious and cultural heritage for the Jew. The New Testament then comes up and interprets, re-interprets and gives the encounters, realities and institutions newer meaning. In respect to the above, about 1,800 BC, Abraham is called and made the father of the Jews (Genesis 12:2 and 17:4-7). A covenant is made and circumcision is instituted as the seal of the covenant. Later on, Abraham’s descendants are taken into bondage for 430 years in Egypt, and after that, a 40-year wilderness experience. These experiences forge Israel into a common nation, having a common religious, socio-cultural and linguistic heritage. The tabernacle, the temple, the 490 years stay in Canaan, the Babylonian Exile and the post-exilic experiences are all Old Testament realities and substance that later add to the Jews’ cultural and religious heritage. Thus, when Jesus Christ comes into the scene, He comes against the backdrop of the development above. The messages He preaches are understood by the Jews in light of the Old Testament. For instance, Matthew 21:33-46 presents the Jewish audience (as the immediate audience) with the parable of the wicked tenants and since this audience is well acquainted with the Jewish tradition. The Jewish religious history in this case is replete with the killing of God’s prophets and servants, as can be seen in Matthew 23:31. As Jews, even the Pharisees understood the meaning of the parable, and this is why they sought to kill Jesus. In a closely related wavelength, during Jesus’ forty-day fast and subsequent temptation by Satan, the Old Testament Scripture is revisited heavily. Satan quotes from Psalm 91:11-12, while Jesus quotes from Deuteronomy 8:3, Deuteronomy 6:16 and Deuteronomy 6:13 or 10:20. Because of the foregoing, one can rightly surmise and posit that between the Old and New Testament, there is a strong element of continuity. The aspect of continuity is underscored by the fact that: the New Testament message addresses the same nation which was formed from Abraham; the same religious and socio-cultural traditions and heritage are used to enhance the New Testament message and give it new meaning. It is this aspect of continuity which allowed the Jews to understand the teachings of Jesus and later, the apostles. According to Stark, the aspec t of continuity is carried over to St. John’s Revelation which is heavily littered with Old Testament themes, particularly, Exodus. Exodus 15 presents the Jewish nation and Christians with the first song in the Bible, the Song of Moses. It is interesting that the last book of the Bible and New Testament is also graced with the Song of Moses (Revelation 15:3). That the object of God’s attention is His people, the nation of Israel is a matter

The growth of Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The growth of Starbucks - Case Study Example (Marios Theodosiou). The rise of multinationals such as Starbucks came with the advent of globalization, where trade restrictions were eliminated. Doing businesses in most countries abroad became much easier than before. Government regulations are more relaxed and tariffs were reduced or totally eliminated. These developments have given chance to big companies in the developed countries to capture bigger markets including the Third World. This has given rise to the issue of how to standardize product internationally and at the same time adapt to the individual idiosyncrasies of each country. Multinational firms such as Starbucks face this type of dilemma. Product standardization is the introduction of domestic products internationally with a little or no modification (International Product Decision). Product standardization is done in commodities such as shoes. Multinational shoe firms such as Nike, Adidas and Reebok release shoes that are sold across different countries. The other way of marketing product is through adaptation. If the firm spouses this marketing strategy, it adapts domestic product to suit the foreign market. Product modifications are done. They can be specifically designed for foreign markets. It is believed that 'global marketing of standardized products can, however, lower operating costs, and with effective coordination exploit a company's best product and marketing ideas" (Powers). One of the benefits of standardization is it allows current technology to adapt products and services to the local needs and wants. "It is also possible to tailor standardized strategies for different worldwide segments that exist cross-nationally" (Powers). On the other hand, there are doubts on the standardizing domestic products. Some concerns raised against standardization are national prejudices (Powers). Buzzel posited that "it is a mistake to assume that product standardization is possible without careful consideration of the idiosyncrasies of each market, such as physical environment, the stage of economic development, cultural characteristics, the stage of product lifecycle, competition, distribution systems, advertising media, legal restrictions, and finding the right balance between local autonomy and central coordination" (Powers). There is a need for both. Both have advantages and disadvantages. At this point, we will specifically be analyzing how Starbucks was able to make a decision on choosing between product standardization strategy and product adaptation. The Starbucks' Case Starbucks is known for coffee. But people around the world know that it does not only offer coffee or food, it offers experience, tranquility, and class. This is something that the company has standardized. Covering three continents, the green and white emblem has dominated various countries. Starbucks management has decided to standardize the product all over the world. Its cozy interior, plus

Britain of evacuation in World War Two Essay Example for Free

Britain of evacuation in World War Two Essay During the course of World War Two, many people were evacuated, not just children. There were many differing reactions to evacuation. The reaction would depend on the experience you had. Reactions would also change over time during the war and even after the war had finished. One set of people affected by Evacuation was the Children. Many children did not know where they were going and therefore experienced feelings of fear and anger. The children disliked being separated from their parents but put on brave faces so not worry their families. When the children arrived at their destination, they were taken to school halls of town meeting places where the were chosen by their foster families, which they disliked because often they were split from their sisters and brothers. If they had negative attitudes, they very often did not settle quickly like those who had positive attitudes and would see their stay as a holiday. If an evacuee had a positive experience, they would have pleasant memories of being treated as one of the family. Evacuation was described as no better than a paedophiles charter as it would have been easier to abuse children away from home. However, in a study of 450 ex-evacuees, only 12% of them had bad experiences. Michael Caine remembers being evacuated with his brother Clarence. He said My brother used to went the bed when he was nervous. My foster mother could not figure out who it was so she beat both of us, and Clarence became more nervous and wet the bed more. However, not all experiences were bad. On ex-evacuees remembers being given clothes when he was evacuated. A childs reaction to evacuation would depend on their experiences while in care. Another set of people who were affected by evacuation was the childrens parents. Most parents were reluctant to send their children away but agreed because of propaganda. Not all parents sent their children away though. Some parents thought that their children were safe in their family home. However, most parents brought their children home due to the phoney war. But the children were evacuated again when the Blitz happened, although the scale of evacuation was not as large as the first wave in September 1939. Thanks to the Blitz, many parents changed their opinions on evacuation, now agreeing that it was probably best for their children.

New York vs. Willow Springs in Mama Day Essay -- Comparing Compare Con

New York vs. Willow Springs in Mama Day The soft island breeze blows across the sound and the smell of the sea fills the air in Willow Springs. Meanwhile, a thousand miles away in Lower Manhattan the smell of garbage and street vendors’ hotdogs hangs in the air. These two settings are key to Gloria Naylor’s 1988 novel Mama Day where the freedom and consistency of the Sea Islands is poised against the confinement of the ever-changing city, two settings that not only changes characters’ personalities but also their perceptions. On the surface the two places seem to share no similarities and represent different aspects. There are, however, some similarities, among which is the effect of the setting on the characters. Naylor demonstrates through the characters Cocoa Day and George Andrews that a person’s surroundings affect the way they behave and either allows or permits them to believe in certain aspects of life, especially in respect to believing in magic or logic. The first setting introduced in Mama Day that affects significantly George and Cocoa is the island of Manhattan. This society separated from the mainland represents a plethora of opportunity. It is only in a city like New York where a child like George who was left with nothing on the doorstep of an orphanage could become a successful, disciplined engineer. It is also in the city where we are first introduced to Cocoa looking for her opportunity for success. While waiting to be interviewed by George for a job, Cocoa observes a variety of people in the waiting area, which was representative of the diversity of the city: â€Å"one very very gay Oriental†¦Cherry Vanilla† (Naylor 20). In addition to diversity, the city is a place of constant change, wher... ...Perhaps if we focus more on the impact of the setting on character’s behavior and ideals in novels such as Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day, we can develop a better understanding of the true essence of a novel. Through analysis it is evident that the setting impacts not only the characters, but also affects the behavior of the characters. Unfamiliar locations cause Cocoa to turn to racism as a defense mechanism for protecting herself from the unknown of New York City; George turns to logic to protect himself from the unknown and magic of Willow Springs. These two completely different settings are actually very similar, having a similar affect on the characters and values learned in each location. Who would have thought that a place where the smell of the sea filled the air could be compared or even is similar to a place where the stench of garbage and hotdogs lingered?

How Does Divorce Affect Children? Essay

How divorce can affect children and teens while growing up in today’s society. Most of the information is gathered from parents and their observations of their children, but parents who have had marital problems may have an altered psychological well being and therefore affect the results negatively. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry) Children from divorced families are on â€Å"average† somewhat worse off than children who have lived in intact families. These children have more difficulty in school, more behavior problems, more negative self-concepts, more problems with peers, and more trouble getting along with their parents. (The Effects of Divorce on Children, Robert Hughes Jr.) It is likely that children of divorced parents experience more difficulty in school than those with intact families, but this information is difficult to gather as students’ marks are so personal. Most commonly, children had trouble in five categories, behavioural problems, parental loss, emotional and psychological problems, economic difficulties and future relationship difficulties. The literature that was selected were summaries or direct results of studies conducted on children with divorced parents. This review is divided into five sub-categories of observed trends. The literature that is included is mainly that which is written by Americans about children in the United States. Canadian studies are much harder to find online as most websites are American-based. Behavioural Problems Parental divorce was the strongest predictor of children’s behavioral problems. They were reported to have various behavioral and emotional problems, aggressive behavior, withdrawal, and social problems. Children of divorce were almost 12 times more likely to present behavioral problems than those from intact families. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Xianchen Liu) On a measure of behavioral problems, Hetherington (1993) reports that 90% of adolescent boys and girls in intact families were within the normal range on problems and 10% had serious  problems that would generally require some type of help. The percentages for divorced families were 74% of the boys and 66% of the girls in the normal range and 26% of the boys and 34% of the girls were in the problematic range. MOST children in divorced families do not need help, but MORE children in this group than in intact families are likely to need help (The Effects of Divorce on Children, Robert Hughes Jr.) Among teenage and adult populations of females, parental divorce has been associated with precocious sexual activity and greater delinquent-like behavior. Adolescent girls who had experienced parental divorce when they were younger than six or between six and nine years old reported becoming involved with alcohol or drugs in proportions higher than did girls from intact families. (How Divorce Affects Children, Mitchell Miller) Parental Loss Having supportive adults is very beneficial for children. With this loss, children also lose the knowledge, skills and resources (emotional, financial, etc.) of that parent. In terms of which children are better off, the findings suggest that children between 5 and 12 years of age may do the best and children younger and older may have more difficulties. Another implication of the parental loss hypothesis is that frequency of contact with non-custodial parent should be associated with children’s well being. (The Effects of Divorce on Children, Robert Hughes Jr.) Emotional and Psychological Problems Divorce often results in many changes in children’s living situations such as changing schools, child care, homes, etc. Children often also have to make adjustments to changes in relationships with friends and extended family members. These changes create a more stressful environment for children. There is also evidence that indicates that children whose parents divorce more than once are worse off than children whose only experience one parental divorce. (The Effects of Divorce on Children, Robert Hughes Jr.) One of the biggest fears for children is change. With added stress to a child’s life, it can have a negative effect on their emotional stability.  Children fear that if they have lost one parent, they may lose the other. They may blame themselves, feel unlovable, or unsafe. (Focus on Kids: The Effects of Divorce on Children, Karen DeBord, Ph.D.) Parental divorce had adverse and pervasive impacts on children’s mental health across a variety of outcomes. Females often have lower self-esteems as a result. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Xianchen Liu) Economic Difficulties Due to limited economic resources, children in single-parent families may have more difficulties. It is very well documented that single parent families headed by mothers have less income than most two-parent families and there is a common belief that many of the difficulties experienced by children are the result of the economic difficulties experienced in these families. It might also be expected that since fathers typically have more economic resources and because getting remarried usually results in higher incomes, children in these families would be better off, but they are not automatically healthier. (The Effects of Divorce on Children, Robert Hughes Jr.) Money, or lack of it, becomes a problem. Child support payments and financial assistance place a monetary strain on one or both parents, which directly affects the children. (Children & Divorce: The Effects of Divorce on Children, Divorce Source) There were significant differences of family income between divorced and intact families, which has been reported to be associated with both divorce and children’s behavioral problems. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Xianchen Liu) Future Relationship Difficulties Studies show that ten years after their parents’ divorce, 30% of the children cope successfully in life, while 40% have mixed successes with relationships, and personal problems. The remaining 30% continue to struggle with significant relationship and personal problems. Some children remain angry with their parents or reject the departing parent. Some remain sad  over the divorce and long for the absent parent or hold unreal idealized memories of their lives before the divorce. Others feel â€Å"needy† with an increased concern for loyalty, security, and commitment in relationships. (Divorce and its Effects of Children, Barbara Cyr) Females often have difficulty establishing gratifying, lasting adult heterosexual relationships. (How Divorce Affects Children, Mitchell Miller) The information contained in The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry by Xianchen Liu, is quite extensive and gives an incredible amount of statistics of divorced children and families living in China. This information can be applied to western civilization as well because of the great influence it has on eastern countries. The article entitled The Effects of Divorce on Children by Robert Hughes Jr. is insightful as it gives specific summaries on many factors that contribute to negative effects on children of divorce and excellent references. All information sources seemed to present similar findings and none were found to contradict each other or give incorrect information. Because there has been such extensive research done on the topic of divorce, many researchers have drawn the same conclusions and acquired accurate statistics. More and more families are having marital problems resulting in divorce and this leads children to often require outside help in adjusting and continuing life in healthy household. At times, family counselors, therapists and social workers are required to assist families and especially children to cope through these difficult times. With the help of these individuals, it is possible that children will grow up more capable of developing their own healthy relationships in the long run.

Course Project Part

While the initial investment in materials and equipment is steep, the output of this system rapidly accelerates to full potential and sots very little to maintain on an annual basis. The versatility of this system allows for the simultaneous production of a variety of sought after vegetables at reasonable cost and can reproduced In nearly any area of the united States. Project Description This project Is designed to develop a reproducible and self-sustaining aquaplanes system based on $100,000 Initial investor Input.A functioning model will be created to prove the viability of a self contained and symbiotic relationship that combines hydroponics vegetable production with aquaculture production. Hydroponics is the arming of vegetables using only water and loose fill media instead of soil. Aquaculture is the farming of fish in a controlled and sustainable environment. Putting these two systems together provides a source of nutrient rich water for growing plants and a natural filtration system, rich with oxygen, for growing fish.The combined system will be operated and monitored over a five year period to determine the total cost of production for a variety of leafy green vegetables as well as the price per pound of fish created over the same time period. The greatest price actor of getting food to local markets Is the fuel cost from the production location, through one or more levels of storage and packaging and lastly the trip to each point of sale. The system we propose to build would remove the fuel and transportation costs of a variety of vegetables that could easily be grown local to the market in which they are ultimately sold.Each certified organic occupations production facility could support the growth of several varieties of vegetables on a year round basis. This would allow local markets and restaurants the opportunity to provide locally grown organic produce and fish at reduced prices. Creating a system that is both self- sustaining and profitable is the key in the development of a solution that can be marketed. After the initial startup of a location, minimal financial input must be maintained while keeping the operational costs as low as possible to create a viable business model.

Exercise and Pm Physical Education Essay Example

Exercise and Pm Physical Education Essay Example Exercise and Pm Physical Education Paper Exercise and Pm Physical Education Paper Arnis is a Filipino martial art that can be performed individually or with a partner, using a single stick or a pair of sticks for striking and blocking; it may also be used for self-defense. This module will allow me to learn the fundamental skills of Arnis through lessons that are presented in the order that they will be taken up in class. This will allow me to follow closely and participate actively in all the learning activities. Self- and peer evaluation will be used to monitor my progress and check how proficient I have become. A set of rubrics will be used for this purpose, which I can also use to help me identify  and correct my classmate’s errors, if there are any present. Appropriate warm-up, stretching and cooldown exercises will be routinely performed to make sure that my body is physically ready for the days lessons and to prevent any injury from occurring. As the lessons progress, my fitness level will 1 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module also be monitored. Conducting regular fitness checks will enable me to be more conscious about my health and lifestyle. Also, having proper fitness will allow me to perform the drills in class with ease. LEARNING COMPETENCIES At the end of this module, I will be able to: 1. Practice the skills learned in this course with few observable errors in technique. 2. Execute with confidence the fundamental skills of Arnis. 3. Understand the rules, conventions and terminology in Arnis by using them during the execution of skills. 4. Perform the warm-up, stretching and cool-down exercises properly and on my own. 5. Determine my fitness levels and identify areas for improvement. 6. Be open to criticism when a peer is evaluating my performance, and at the same time, be critical and fair when evaluating others. 7. Be honest and fair at all times. 8. 2 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module SESSION 1 INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY 5 MINUTES REVIEW: In our previous lesson, I have assessed my skill-related fitness. Skill-related physical fitness (SRPF) consists of components that have a relationship with learning motor skills quickly and the ability to achieve a high level of performance in sports. This quarter, I am going to learn the fundamental skills in Arnis. I know that I will be able to improve my motor skills with practice so that I am able to strike and block well; and quickly shift my body while maintaining balance. Practicing these skills will therefore help me become more fit. PREVIEW: ? Today’s lesson consists of three (3) parts: first,  the routine warm-up and dynamic stretching exercises; second, the basic skills in grip and body stance, and third, the cool-down routine. ? The tasks include: ? Performing warm-up and dynamic stretching exercises. ? Learning the fundamental skills in Arnis: 1. Holding the stick with the proper grip. 3 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module 2. Familiarizing oneself with the basic stance and salutation. ESSION 1 SKILL DEVELOPMENT 5 MINUTES GENERAL WARM-UP 1. Jog for 1 minute. 2. Side shuffle (left foot leading) for 20 seconds. 3. Side shuffle (right foot leading) for 20 seconds. 4. Carioca (left foot leading) for 10 seconds. 5. Carioca (right foot leading) for 10 seconds. 6. Butt kicks for 10 seconds. 7. High knees for 10 seconds. Side Shuffle High kicks Knees Carioca DYNAMIC STRETCHING 1. Knee hug to calf raise 2. Single leg deadlift 3. Lunge and twist 4 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Butt Physical Education Learner’s Module 4. Toe touch APPLICATION 20 MINUTES FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS 1. Grip: Proper hold of the stick ? Hold the stick one fist away from the punyo (butt) of the stick. Close the grip with the thumb. 2. Basic Stance and Salutation Handa ? Feet are positioned shoulder width apart. ? Stick is held in front of the body. Pugay ? ? Place the weapon hand  across the chest. Bow by bending at the waist. Handa sa Paglaban/Fighting Stance ? ? ? 5 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM One foot in front (foot the same as the weapon hand), the other foot on the rear Keep feet apart, distance of one foot. Both knees slightly bent Physical Education Learner’s Module ? ? Toes facing forward Weight evenly distributed on both feet ? Distance of 5 steps between the feet. Back leg kept straight, rear foot is held at a 45 degree angle. Keep the front knee bent. Weight is evenly distributed on both feet. Forward Stance ? ? ? Backward Stance ? ? ? ? Distance of 4 steps between the feet. Both knees are slightly bent. Rear foot held at a 90 degree angle. 70% of the body weight on the rear foot while 30% is placed on the front foot. COOL-DOWN: Static Stretching Exercises 1. Wrist (fingers down, up, forward) 2. Finger stretch 6 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module 3. Overhead stretch 4. Chest stretch 5. Triceps 6. Cross elbow 7. Zipper ASSESSMENT 5 MINUTES Using the rating scale below, I can assess my performance on the following skills accordingly: Rating: I I can practice the skill by myself. O I can practice the skill with others’ 7 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module help. I will just wait for the next PE class. W RATING SESSION 2 ACTIVITY Warm-up Dynamic stretching Grip Stance Static stretching INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY 5 MINUTES REVIEW: In our previous lesson, I have learned to properly hold (grip) the arnis stick and assume the proper stance. I have also learned how to perform the routine exercises for warm-up and cool-down. PREVIEW: ? Today’s lesson consists of the twelve (12) striking techniques which are aimed at different parts of the body that are considered to be vulnerable. I will be learning how to perform the first five (5) techniques: ? Striking technique 1-Left side of the head attack ? Striking technique 2-Right side of the  head attack ? Striking technique 3-Left side of the trunk attack ? Striking technique 4-Right side of the 8 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module trunk attack ? Striking technique 5-Thrust to stomach SESSION 2 SKILL DEVELOPMENT 10 MINUTES GENERAL WARM-UP DYNAMIC STRETCHING EXERCISES SESSION 2 APPLICATION 20 MINUTES STRIKING TECHNIQUES: Hitting vital points of the body as targets by means of slashing, stabbing and thrusting actions; all techniques are performed with a fighting stance ST1: Left side of the head attack ? Assume fighting stance ? Stick held at one o-clock; slashing action ? Free hand on chest  ST2: Right side of the head attack ? Assume fighting stance ? Stick held at eleven o’clock; slashing action ? Free hand on chest ST3: Left side of the body (trunk) attack ? Extend weapon hand ? Strike any part of the trunk between the shoulder and hip joints; slashing action against the outer part of the trunk 9 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module ST4: Right side of the body (trunk)attack ? Same as ST3 ST5: Thrust to solar plexus (stomach) attack ? Thrust weapon hand towards the target point (solar plexus) ? Follow-through with upward movement. COOL-DOWN: Static stretching exercises SESSION 2 ASSESSMENT 5 MINUTES Using the rating scale below, I can assess my performance on the following skills accordingly: Rating: I I can practice the technique by myself. O I can practice the technique with others’ help. W I will just wait for the next PE class. RATING ACTIVITY Warm-up Dynamic stretching Grip Stance Striking techniques 1-5 Static stretching 10 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module PROCEDURES The lessons and activities in every session are presented using the following format: INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY: This contains a review of the previous lesson/activity and a preview of the lessons and activities that will  be taken up in the current session. SKILL DEVELOPMENT: The warm-up routine will serve as preliminary exercises before the introduction of the skill to be learned. APPLICATION: This explains the activity in detail so that I may be able to follow closely and participate actively in it. ASSESSMENT: This contains guides that will help me monitor myself before, during and after the lessons and the activities so I may know how well I am able to participate in class. SESSION 3 INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY 10 MINUTES REVIEW: In our previous lesson, I learned how to perform the five (5) striking techniques: 11 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module left (1) and right (2) side of the head attack, left (3) and right (4) side of the trunk attack, and the thrust to stomach (5) attack. Using the following rating scale, I can assess how I performed the following techniques: 4 – Performed the technique with no or few observable errors 3 – Performed the technique with some errors but I am able to correct myself easily 2 – Performed the technique with some errors but I relied on other’s help 1– I need more practice to get it right RATING TECHNIQUE. Left side of the head attack Right side of the head attack Left side of the trunk attack  Right side of the trunk attack Thrust-to-stomach attack 12 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module PREVIEW: ? Today’s lesson consists of the remaining seven (7) of the twelve (12) striking techniques: ? Striking technique 6-Left chest stab ? Striking technique 7-Right chest stab ? Striking technique 8-Left knee strike ? Striking technique 9-Right knee strike ? Striking technique 10-Left eye poke ? Striking technique 11-Right eye poke ? Striking technique 12-Crown attack SESSION 3 SKILL DEVELOPMENT 5 MINUTES GENERAL WARM-UP DYNAMIC STRETCHING EXERCISES SESSION 3 APPLICATION STRIKING TECHNIQUES: ST6: Left chest stab? Assume the fighting stance. ? Extend weapon hand forward, palm facing outward. ? Keep elbow up. ST7: Right chest stab 13 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM 20 MINUTES Physical Education Learner’s Module ? Assume fighting stance ? Scooping action ? Extend weapon hand forward, palm facing outward. ? Keep the elbow down. ST8: Left lower leg (knee/shin/ankle) strike ? Lower the body ? Extend weapon hand to hit any part of the lower leg between knee and ankle joint ? Palm upward ST9: Right lower leg ? Lower the body ? Extend weapon hand to hit any part of the lower leg between knee and ankle joint ? Palm downward ST10: Left eye poke? Assume fighting stance ? Extend weapon hand forward, palm facing outward ? Elbow down ST11: Right eye poke ?Assume fighting stance ? Extend weapon hand forward, 14 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module palm facing outward ? Elbow up ST12: Crown attack ? Hack against the top of the head COOL-DOWN: Static stretching exercises SESSION 3 ASSESSMENT 5 MINUTES Using the rating scale below, I can assess my performance on the following skills accordingly: Rating: I I can practice the technique by myself. O I can practice the technique with others’ help. W I will just wait for the next PE class. RATING ACTIVITY Warm-up Dynamic stretching Grip Stance Striking techniques 1-5 Striking techniques 7-12 Static stretching ASSIGNMENT 1. Compute your heart rate given a MODERATE intensity exercise (minimum = 40% and maximum = 15 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module 55%). (Minimum) _____ bpm TO (Maximum) _____ bpm 2. Compute your heart rate given a VIGOROUS intensity exercise (minimum = 60% and maximum = 85%). (Minimum) _____ bpm TO (Maximum) _____ bpm SESSION 4 INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY 15 MINUTES REVIEW: In our previous lesson, I learned how to perform the remaining seven (7) striking techniques: left (6) and right (7) chest attack; left (8) and right (9) knee attack; left (10) and right (11) eye attack, and the crown (12) attack. Using the following rating scale, I will assess how I performed the following techniques: 4 – Performed the technique with no or few observable errors 3 – Performed the technique with some errors but I am able to correct myself easily 2 – Performed the technique with some errors but I relied on other’s help 16 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module 1– I need more practice to get it right RATING TECHNIQUE Left chest stab Right chest stab Left knee strike Right knee strike Left eye poke Right eye poke  Crown attack PREVIEW: ? Today’s lesson consists of the following tasks: ? Practice the striking techniques 112 ? Monitor my heart rate to determine the intensity of the exercises. SESSION 4 SKILL DEVELOPMENT 10 MINUTES DETERMINING MY HEART RATE AT REST 1. My partner signals the time for me to â€Å"start† and â€Å"stop† counting my pulse (radial or carotid) for 6 seconds. HEART RATE AT REST: _____ bpm 2. I now signal my partner to â€Å"start† and â€Å"stop† counting his/her pulse for 6 seconds. 17 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module GENERAL WARM-UP 1. Jog for 1 minute. 2. Side shuffle (left foot leading) for 20 seconds. 3. Side shuffle (right foot leading) for 20 seconds. 4. Carioca (left foot leading) for 10 seconds. 5. Carioca (right foot leading) for 10 seconds. 6. Butt kicks for 10 seconds. 7. High knees for 10 seconds. HEART RATE AFTER WARM-UP: _____ bpm DYNAMIC STRETCHING 1. Knee hug to calf raise 2. Single leg deadlift 3. Lunge and twist 4. Toe touch HEART RATE AFTERSTRETCHING: _____ bpm SESSION 4 APPLICATION 15 MINUTES STRIKING TECHNIQUES ST1: Left temple attack ST2: Right temple attack ST3: Left shoulder attack 18 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module ST4: Right shoulder attack ST5: Thrust-to-stomach attack  ST6: Left chest attack ST7: Right chest attack ST8: Left knee attack ST9: Right knee attack ST10: Left eye attack ST11: Right eye attack ST12: Crown attack 19 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module HEART RATE AFTER STRIKING: _____ bpm COOL-DOWN: Static stretching exercise HEART RATE AFTER COOL-DOWN: _____ bpm SESSION 4 ASSESSMENT 5 MINUTES 1. Rank the following exercises accordingly: 1-most intense; 2-moderate; 3-least intense. EXERCISES HEART RATE RANK INTENSITY (bpm) General warm-up Dynamic stretching Striking techniques Cool-down 2. Identify the exercise intensity as moderate or vigorous (base it on your Session 3 assignment). SESSION 5 INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY 20 MINUTES REVIEW: In our previous lesson, we monitored our heart rate while performing all of the exercises. We also practiced the following skills: grip, stance and the 12 striking techniques. PEER EVALUATION: Using the following rating scale, assess 20 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module YOUR PARTNER as s/he performs the following techniques: 4 – Performed the technique with no or few observable errors 3 – Performed the technique with some errors but is able to correct him/herself easily. 2 – Performed the technique with some errors but relied on my help1– Needs more practice to get it right RATING TECHNIQUE RATING TECHNIQUE Left side of the head Left chest Right side of the head Right chest Left side of the trunk Left knee Right side of the trunk Right knee Thrust-to-stomach Left eye RATED BY: DATE Right eye Crown PREVIEW: ? Today’s lesson consists of the ten (10) blocking techniques which consist of parrying an opponent’s strike in defense. Blocking with balance and in the correct stance will enable me to counter-strike with equal efficacy. I will be learning how to perform the five (5) basic techniques: 21 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module  ? Blocking technique 1-Inward ? Blocking technique 2-Outward ? Blocking technique 3-Rising ? Blocking technique 4-Downward inward ? Blocking technique 5-Downward outward SESSION 5 APPLICATION 15 MINUTES BLOCKING TECHNIQUES: BT1: Inward ? Place free hand on the stick. ? From forward stance, shift body obliquely. ? Parry inward BT2: Outward ? Free hand rotates the stick downward. ? Shift body obliquely on the opposite side ? Parry outward. 22 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module BT3: Rising ? Hold the stick parallel to the ground, waist level. ? Push the stick upward, over the head. BT4: Downward inward? From fighting stance, shift to back stance. ? Lower the body ? Extend weapon hand, palm up. BT5: Downward outward ? From fighting stance, shift to back stance ? Lower the body ? Extend weapon hand, palm down ? COOL-DOWN: Static stretching exercises Quadriceps Calf Seated Hamstring 23 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Groin Physical Education Learner’s Module Wrist (fingers up, down, forward) Finger Overhead Cross 24 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Trunk Elbow Zipper Triceps Glute Physical Education Learner’s Module SESSION 5 ASSESSMENT 5 MINUTES Using the rating scale below, I can assess my performance on the following skills accordingly: Rating: I O I can practice the technique by myself. I can practice the technique with others’ W I will just wait for the next PE class. help. RATING ACTIVITY Striking techniques 1-5 Striking techniques 6-12 Blocking techniques 1-5 Cool-down SESSION 6 INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY 10 MINUTES REVIEW: In our previous lesson, we reviewed the 12 striking techniques and learned the five (5) basic techniques in blocking: inward (1), outward (2), rising (3), downward inward (4) and downward outward (5). PREVIEW: ? Today’s lesson consists of the following tasks: Practice the following skills or techniques: 1. Striking techniques 1-12 2. Blocking techniques 1-10 ? Monitor my heart rate to determine the intensity of the exercises. 25 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module SESSION 6 SKILL DEVELOPMENT 10 MINUTES Determine heart rate at rest (6-second count): _____ bpm GENERAL WARM-UP 1. Jog for 1 minute. 2. Side shuffle (left foot leading) for 20 seconds. 3. Side shuffle (right foot leading) for 20 seconds. 4. Carioca (left foot leading) for 10 seconds. 5. Carioca (right foot leading) for 10 seconds. 6. Butt kicks for 10 seconds. 7. High knees for 10 seconds. HEART RATE AFTER WARM-UP: _____ bpm DYNAMIC STRETCHING 1. Knee hug to calf raise. 2. Single leg deadlift 3. Lunge and twist 4. Toe touch SESSION 6 HEART RATE AFTER STRETCHING: _____ bpm APPLICATION 15 MINUTES Striking techniques 1-12 HEART RATE AFTER STRIKING: _____ bpm 26 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module Blocking techniques 1-5 HEART RATE AFTER BLOCKING: _____ bpm Cool-down: Static stretching HEART RATE AFTER COOL-DOWN: _____ bpm SESSION 6 ASSESSMENT 5 MINUTES 1. Rank the following exercises accordingly: 1most intense; 2-moderate; 3-least intense. EXERCISES HEART RATE RANK INTENSITY General warm-up Dynamic stretching Striking techniques Blocking techniques Cool-down 3. Identify the exercise intensity as moderate or vigorous (base it on your Session 3 assignment). 27 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module SESSIONS 7 and 8 INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY 10 MINUTES REVIEW: In our previous lesson, we rated our peer in the performance of the five (5) blocking techniques, and monitored our heart rates while performing the different exercises. PREVIEW: ? Today’s lesson consists of the following task: 1. Choreograph a 3 to 5-minute routine with a partner that combines the striking and blocking techniques which I have learned throughout the quarter. 2. Our routine will be rated by our teacher  using the following rubrics: a. Proper execution of techniques: ? Striking ? Blocking ? Stance and posture ? Body shifting b. Proper timing in the execution of technique c. Agility in moving the entire body to the proper position d. Proper coordination and continuous exchange between partners to show fluidity of movements e. Variety of techniques 28 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module The following rating scale shall be used: 1- No or only a few observable errors; performed with high level of confidence 2- Some errors in technique but are able to keep presence of mind and carry on; encourages partner  3- Some errors in technique; more comfortable in starting all over again or backtracking; may show impatience or frustration 4- Needs more practice; shows impatience or frustration SESSION 7 and 8 SKILL DEVELOPMENT 5 MINUTES GENERAL WARM-UP. 1. Jog for 1 minute. 2. Side shuffle (left foot leading) for 20 seconds. 3. Side shuffle (right foot leading) for 20 seconds. 4. Carioca (left foot leading) for 10 seconds. 5. Carioca (right foot leading) for 10 seconds. 6. Butt kicks for 10 seconds. 7. High knees for 10 seconds. STATIC STRETCHING EXERCISES 1. Wrist (fingers down, up, forward) 2. Fingers 3. Overhead 4. Trunk 29 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module 5. Triceps 6. Cross elbow 7. Zipper SESSION 8 APPLICATION 15 MINUTES CHOREOGRAPHY and PRACTICE SESSION 8 ASSESSMENT 10 MINUTES Rate your choreographed routine by checking the appropriate box: 1- No or only a few observable errors; performed with high level of confidence 2- Some errors in technique but are able to keep presence of mind and carry on; I encouraged/have been encouraged by my partner 3- Some errors in technique; more comfortable in starting all over again or backtracking; We may have gotten a bit impatient or frustrated with one another; 4- I/ We needed more time to practice; we  can do better next time 30 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module RATING 1 2 3 4 Execution of technique ? Striking ? Blocking ? Stance posture ? Body shifting Timing of strikes blocks Agility of movements Coordination Variety of techniques All photos of PE faculty members of the University of Asia and the Pacific were taken in April 2012 by Mr. Joshua Ben R. Villareal. These photos are his and the module authors’ (Stella Marie M. Urbiztondo and Anamaria Laudet S. Mangubat) sole property. Use of these photos outside of this module is allowed provided that the owners are properly acknowledged. 31 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM Physical Education Learner’s Module Bibliography American College of Sports Medicine (2010). ACSM’s health-related physical fitness assessment manual, 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Wolters-Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. A. Mayfield (2006). Personal nutrition profile, 2nd edtion. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (2003). Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness Lifestyle Approach: CSEP- Health 7 Fitness Program’s Health-Related Appraisal and Counseling Strategy, 3rd ed. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1985). Physical activity and health: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. National Association for Sport and Physical Education (1995). Moving into the future: National standard for physical education. Boston, Virginia: WCB/McGraw-Hill. YMCA USA (2000). YMCA fitness testing and assessment manual, 4th edition. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19917. jpg 32 10/19/2012 5:44:49 PM

7 Myths and Misconceptions About Serial Killers

7 Myths and Misconceptions About Serial Killers Much of the information that the public knows about serial murderers has come from Hollywood movies and television programs, which have been exaggerated and dramatized for entertainment purposes, resulting in a significant amount of misinformation. But its not only the public that ​has  fallen prey to inaccurate information concerning serial killers. The media and even law enforcement professionals, who have limited experience with serial murder, often believe the myths generated by the fictional portrayals  in movies.​ According to the FBI, this can hinder investigations when there is a serial killer loose in the community. The FBIs Behavioral Analysis Unit has published a report, Serial Murder - Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators, which attempts to dispel some of the myths about serial killers. According to the report, these are some of the common myths about serial killers: Myth: Serial Killers Are All Misfits and Loners Most serial killers can hide in plain sight because they look just like everyone else with jobs, nice homes, and families. Because they often blend into society, they are overlooked. Here are some examples: John Eric Armstrong  confessed to killing prostitutes in Dearborn Heights, Michigan, and to 12 other murders that he committed around the world while he was in the Navy. He was a  former U.S. Navy sailor  known for being a good neighbor, who was a committed husband and devoted father to his 14-month-old son. He worked at Target retail stores and later with the Detroit Metropolitan Airport refueling airplanes.  Dennis Rader, known as the BTK Killer, murdered 10 people in Wichita, Kansas, over a 30-year period. He was married with two children, a Boy Scout leader, employed as a local government official and was the president of his church congregation.Gary Ridgway, known as the Green River Killer,  confessed to killing 48 women over a 20-year period in the Seattle, Washington, area. He was married, held the same job for 32 years, attended church regularly and read his Bible at home and work.Robert Yates  killed 17 prostitutes in the 1990s in the Spokane, Washington, area. H e was married, had five children, lived in a middle-class neighborhood and was a decorated U.S. Army National Guard helicopter pilot. Myth: Serial Killers Are All White Males The racial background of known serial killers generally matches the racial diversification of the overall U.S. population, according to the report. Charles Ng, a native of Hong Kong, China, possibly tortured and killed as many as 25 people with his partner, Robert Lake.Derrick Todd Lee, a black man from Louisiana, killed at least six women in  Baton Rouge.Coral Eugene Watts, a black man from Michigan, known as the  Sunday Morning Slasher, killed 17 people in Michigan and Texas.Rafael Resendez-Ramirez, a Mexican national, killed nine people in Kentucky, Texas, and Illinois.Rory Conde, a Colombian native, murdered six prostitutes in the Miami area. Myth: Sex Motivates Serial Killers Although some serial killers are motivated by sex or power over their victims, many have other motivations for their murders. Some of these include anger, thrill-seeking, financial gain, and attention seeking. D.C. Area Sniper, John Allen Muhammad, and  Lee Boyd Malvo  killed 10 people to cover up the fact that Muhammads eventual target was his wife.Dr. Michael Swango  was convicted of four murders in the U.S. but may have poisoned as many as 50 people in the United States and Africa. The motivation for his murders was never determined.Paul Reid  killed at least seven people during robberies of fast-food restaurants in Tennessee. His motive for the robberies was financial gain. He killed the employees to eliminate witnesses. Myth: All Serial Murderers Travel and Operate in Multiple States Most serial killers operate within a comfort zone and definite geographic area. Very few serial killers travel between states to kill. Ronald Dominique  of Houma, Louisiana, confessed to murdering 23 men in nine years and dumping their bodies in sugarcane fields, ditches, and small bayous in six southeast Louisiana parishes near his home. Of those who do travel interstate to murder, most fall into these categories: Individuals who constantly move from place to place.Homeless transients.Individuals whose employment lends itself to interstate or transnational travel, such as truck drivers or those in military service. Because of their traveling lifestyle, these serial killers have many comfort zones. Randolph Kraft, known as the Freeway Killer,  was a  serial rapist, torturer, and killer who murdered at least  16 young males from 1972 through 1983 throughout California, Oregon, and Michigan. He was linked to 40 additional unsolved murders through a cryptic list found during his arrest. Kraft worked in the  computer field, and he spent a lot of time on business trips to Oregon and Michigan. Myth: Serial Killers Cannot Stop Killing Sometimes circumstances will change in a serial killers life causing them to stop killing before they are caught. The FBI report said the circumstances could include increased participation in family activities, sexual substitution, and other diversions. Dennis Rader, the BTK killer, murdered 10 people from 1974 to 1991 and then did not kill again until he was caught in 2005. He told investigators that he engaged in auto-erotic activities to substitute for killing.Jeffrey Gorton  killed his first victim in 1986 and his second victim five years later. He did not kill again until 2002 when he was caught. According to the FBI, Gorton engaged in cross-dressing and masturbation, as well as consensual sex with his wife between the murders. Myth: All Serial Killers Are Insane or Monsters With Exceptional Intelligence In spite of fictionalized serial killers in the movies who outsmart law enforcement and avoid capture and conviction, the truth is that most serial killers test from borderline to above average intelligence. Another myth is that serial killers have a debilitating mental condition. As a group, they do suffer from a variety of personality disorders, but very few are found legally insane when they go to trial. The serial killer as an evil genius is mostly a Hollywood invention, the report said. Myth: Serial Killers Want toBe Stopped The law enforcement, academic and mental health experts who developed the FBI serial killer report said that as serial killers gain experience with killing, they gain confidence with each offense. They develop a feeling that they will never be identified and never be caught. But killing someone and disposing of their body is not an easy task. As they gain confidence in the process, they can begin to take shortcuts or make mistakes. These mistakes can lead to them being identified by law enforcement. It is not that they want to get caught, the study said, its that they feel that they cannot get caught.

Narrative Description and Reflection Assignment

Narrative Description and Reflection - Assignment Example The book offers directions on issues relating to problem solving, critical thinking and creativity. Teachers can implement active learning by using this book to get information on previous cases and the results that were achieved. Borasi and Rose have been focusing on how to improve the college algebra course by introducing journal writing as a means of allowing students to reflect on the contents of the course and encourage them to share their feelings. This article defines the educational value of engaging students to practice journal writing. Its main objective is to show the potential contribution that writing can provide in terms of the student’s writing and communication skills and encouraging independent thinking. A journal writing process designed for classrooms is also presented with other suggestions and recommendations on how to effectively encourage personal writing. The evaluation procedures and design will save instructors time in application and improve student’s participation. This article will offer help to instructors who have not yet adopted the model of journal writing in the classes by simplifying the complexity in introducing students to writing. Emig is among the first originators of writing to learn methodology. She argues that writing presents a special way of learning different from reading, talking and listening. In this book, she differentiates the nature of writing from other means of learning while taking note of problems in courses that primarily focus on reading and listening only. The book tries to show how writing is an active learning process by defining it as an organic process that engages a person in whole. The chapters elaborate that writing involves use of the eyes, hands and the brain making it a unique multi-representational mode for learning. In the last chapter, the book relates writing to the journals and notes that are a

Strategy and Plans of Operation on the Event of a Government Shutdown Essay

Strategy and Plans of Operation on the Event of a Government Shutdown - Essay Example .. 5 Causes of Federal Shutdown†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Effects of a Federal Shutdown†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Strategies during Federal Shutdown†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....................... 8 Contingency Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Abstract Government shutdowns occur when the Congress and the President fail to enact and make law the appropriations bills for the agencies of the government. On this case the opinions of Attorney General Civilleti and the Antideficiency Act take in action wherein the government is prohibited to spend, enter into contracts or other obligations, and provide government service and employees, except for those that are rated essential by the law. This paper will be focusing on the understanding of how the government shutdown occurs, as well as its adverse effects on the federal employees, public, and business institutions that are involved in providing goods and services to the federal government. This paper will also cover strategies and plans that a company can establish in order to anticipate and develop a course act ion plan in the event of a government shutdown. Strategy and Plans of Operation on the Event of a Government Shutdown Government shutdowns are events that can lead to tremendous effects among workers as well as the public. During a government shutdown, the government tends to stop all its services except those who are termed as essential. This leads to thousands of government employees to be furloughed for a certain period of time. In addition, there are also several institutions and business that will suffer the consequences of the shutdown since it will be expected that cash flow will not occur due to non-payment of invoices. Thus, the need of establishing strategies and a contingency plan is crucial for a company to cope up in the occurrence of a government shutdown. Government agencies will cease in the procurement of equipments or service, installation of equipments, and suspend delivery of equipments to these agencies. The closing will cause tremendous losses for the company e specially when a significant part of the market share of the business comprises the government offices. On the event of a Federal shutdown, several government agencies will furlough most of its employees. However, specific institutions will still continually operate on a normal basis. These agencies include police, fire fighting, postal services, armed forces, utilizes, air traffic management, and the penal system. The goal of the strategy and planning of a business company is to be able to pin-point the affected areas during a shutdown and be able to anticipate its effects on the normal operations. It will also be beneficial for the company if it can establish a contingency plan that will cover the overall course of action on the onset of the shutdown. This can be developed with the help of past records and data of occurrences of government shutdow

Research Methods - Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Methods - Critique - Essay Example A critique of the research proves that the study is well directed so as to arrive at the hypothesis and thus contains remarkable strength needed for an authoritative study. However, certain oddities and speculation in the way towards the findings point to specific weaknesses of the research in methods and approaches used. The empirical study is based on a well-defined theoretical framework and its finding that approves the merit of the hypothesis. The loose ends of the study result mainly derive from the inadequacy of the relevant data in general, and that of the Netherlands in particular, where sociological factors limit the findings of the study. The speculative nature of the finding towards the end of the study constrains the appeal of the empirical result. There is a great relevance to this type of research and the objectives of the study prove this point. The research contributes to the study of complementarities among HR dimensions and the selection of Ireland and the Netherlands for data collection, where no such studies are conducted, also proves to be its strength. The introduction states the hypothesis clearly and illustrates the significance of the study. The hypothesis is logically presented, leading to the empirical analysis of the study. As the authors of Research Paper Handbook instruct the researcher, â€Å"Your thesis will show the special nature of your paper.† (Lester Jr & Lester Sr 2005). The paper clearly establishes the thesis that â€Å"the high performance HR management system is the most effective form of the HR management in enhancing the performance of the employees,† with the research method used. It also succeeds in emphasizing that â€Å"this superior effectiveness in part is derived from a com plementarities among the five HR dimensions.† (Horgan & Muhlau 2006). The clarification added for the ineffectiveness of the theory in the Netherlands almost satisfies the finding of the study. The authors provide relevant reasons

Evaluating Effectiveness of Performance Management System

Evaluating Effectiveness of Performance Management System INTRODUCTION Performance management can be explained as the measures or systems put in place to ensure that the organization and all its subsystems i.e. departments, processes, teams, employees, etc. are working together in an optimum way towards achieving their goals and the results desired by the organization (Jackson, 1999:143). This field can be broken down into two components; one looks at the performance of a company as a whole evaluating the effectiveness of top management in reaching company goals while the other is a system of evaluating employees to help them reach goals that help them develop and ensure the company performs better. This paper will look at the later type of performance management. Performance management of individual employees involves setting of goals, planning work, giving feedbacks and reviews, providing opportunities for improvement and appraisal systems for well performing employees (Scullen, Bergey. Smith, 2005:28). This paper will focus on the case study, Perfor mance management at Network Solutions Inc. to give an informed review of performance management systems and their effectiveness. This will be achieved by providing detailed responses to four critical thinking questions emanating from the case study. It will begin by giving a review of the case study and proceed to evaluate the questions presented. REVIEW OF THE CASE STUDY The necessity of performance management system Network Solutions Inc. had been using more that 50 different systems of performance measurement in the company. Despite this huge number of systems, it was found that many employees did not receive a review, fewer than 5% of all employees received the lowest category of rating, and there was no recognition program in place to reward high achievers (Aguinis, 2009: 19). There was clear indication that the employee performance management systems that were coming at a high cost were ineffective in addressing the required issues. Being in the business of computer hardware and software, the company found that quality initiatives were driving change in a wide area of the company. It was therefore decided that such quality initiatives could be applied to improve people quality. Further, it was seen that linking each employees goal to the organizational goals would greatly help the company in achieving its objectives (Aguinis, 2009: 21). How the system works Due to the above mentioned needs, the company decided to adopt a forced distribution management system in which each employee would be classified into a category depending on comparative performance e.g. a rating of 1 to the top 20% of performers; a rating of 2 to the middle 70% of performers; and a rating of 3 to the bottom 10% of performers (Aguinis, 2009: 24). This system would be implemented by a global cross-divisional Human Resource team. Their plan was to begin by showing that business goals would be easily met by carrying down organizational strategy to team contributions which are translated to individual goals. This system would raise the bar on the companys performance management by focusing on the development of all employees. This would result into raised performance for all employees, talent identification and retention, and improvement of performance expectations for all employees. Company support To effectively manage this system, the team sought support from the companies top managers who were required to remain committed to the plan. They were required to stop using any other system of performance management and ensure that top leaders understood and accepted it. They were required to engage employees in talent management training in line with the new system. The result of the plan is a performance management system that revolves around a joint year round responsibility of employees and managers developing the planning phase of the system (Aguinis, 2009: 21). Managers schedule meetings which are prepared and finalized by the employees. Lowly rated employees are given time for performance improvement after which depending on their performance they could leave the company or continue with the plan. Average and best performers are given appraisals in form of salary increases, stock options and bonuses depending on the level of performance. The next part will use four questions to evaluate how the system at Network Solutions. compares with the ideal performance management system and give an assessment of its advantages, disadvantages and expected outcomes. OVERLAP BETWEEN NETWORK SOLUTIONS SYSTEM AND AN IDEAL SYSTEM Question 1: Overall, what is the overlap between Network Solutions system and an ideal system? To answer this question, this section will look at the extent to which the performance management system at Network Solutions corresponds with the ideal system. It will look at the process that it follows in terms of phases. Phase 1 Â ­- Performance planning. This is the stage where managers in the firm meet with the employees for discussion on the planning of the performance appraisal process. They define the behaviours and competencies expected of the employees and there is statement on what the person will achieve in the next twelve months. These goals are closely linked to the individuals development plans. As such, the manager automatically earns the right to hold the employees accountable at the end of the year (Simmons, 2002:86). Network Solutions have exhibited this phase by calling on all the senior managers to implement such measures. Phase 2 Employee Performance Execution This is the phase where employees display the actual performance that is subject to evaluation at the end of the year (Winstanley Stuart-Smith, 1996:66). Network Solutions displays this phase which is in accordance to the ideal system where there is a performance period of one year. In this period there are regular meetings to assess progress like they do at the company. The meetings are planned by the managers in conjunction with the employers who carry out the actual execution of the developments. In the meetings there is seeking of guidance and feedback in various issues (Rector Kleiner, 2002: 43). Phase 3 Employee Performance Assessment Senior managers assess how the employees in their departments have undertaken their duties and how much of their objectives they have fulfilled. They fill the various forms and paperwork intended for these purpose and forward them to the relevant team in readiness for individual appraisals based on performance (Molleman Timmerman, 2003: 95). At Network Solutions, the assessment is comparative with the rating being based on the performance level, e.g. a rating of 1 for the top 20% of performers, 2 for the middle 70% and 3 for the bottom 10% Phase 4 Employee Performance Review In this stage, the employee performers appraisal form that was prepared by the manager is reviewed together with the individuals self appraisal (Lawler McDermott, 2003:56). There is an honest assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, successes and areas needing improvement in the past twelve months. It is at this stage that the course of action to be taken in the next year is decided. In the case of Network Solutions, a low performer would consult with the managers to decide on the modalities of the performance improvement plan. From this assessment, it is clear that the performance management system at network Solutions overlap with the ideal system as has been demonstrated in the timeline approach taken. FEATURES IN THE SYSTEM Question 2: What are the features of the system implemented at Network Solutions that correspond to what was described in the chapter as ideal characteristics? Which of the ideal characteristics are missing? For which of the ideal characteristics do we need additional information to evaluate whether they are part of the system at Network Solutions? To supply an answer to this question, the paper will identify the aspects that are characteristic of the ideal performance system and for each identify if it is present or lacking in the Network Solutions system. Standardization: The ideal performance management system requires that the aspects of performance measured are uniform and there is a constant level of strictness (Scullen, Bergey and Smith, 2005: 27). This is meant to ensure that employees do not lack faith in their mangers and the system that might result from variations. The system at Network Solutions exhibits this aspect when the team ensures that the managers drop the previous systems and they offer training so that they can understand and apply it uniformly. Validity and conciseness: this means that the performance management system only measures what is valid at hand. The evaluation criterion therefore makes sure that employees are evaluated only in issue that regard their line of work (DeCenzo and Robbins, 2010: 214). In this case, the team of performance managers ensures that this is done by asking senior leaders to tailor new programmes applicable in their divisions. Hence the evaluation procedure in say the HR department is not the same as that in a technical field. Due process: this means that there are set guidelines that determine how measures are taken after the evaluation. In the case of network solutions, employees who are lowly rated are a given a specified time period to improve their performance (Fisher, 1995:55). If they do not improve, they can choose to leave the company with a severance package or take up a performance improvement plan. If this does not improve their performance they leave without a severance package. There is also set guidelines that dictate the appraisal of good performers with high salary increases, stock options and bonuses. ANTICIPATED RESULTS FROM IMPLIMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM Question 3: Based on the description of the system at Network Solutions, what do you anticipate will be some advantages and positive outcomes resulting from the implementation of the system? The real value purpose of employee performance appraisal in the organization is not only to transform the management of employee performance from an annual event to an ongoing cycle but also to harmonize the organizational goals with those of member employees (Cardy, 2004:128). The performance management system that the company adopts is fully geared to achieve this end. The systems will therefore yield immense advantages and positive outcomes. These will include the following: Goal setting: the system helps employees understand the link between their responsibilities and the overall objectives of the organization. The habit of goal setting is inculcated in both the managers and employees. This results into greater efficiency and provides a good tool of analysis (Luecke Hall, 2005:100). Communication: the system that the company adopts will encourage good communication between managers and employees. The communication about work performance creates a sense of security for the employees and helps the company in retention efforts. It provides ample time for all employees to learn and grow throughout the year. This fosters an organizational culture (). Motivation: the appraisal system acts as tool of motivation since employee rewards are tied directly to performance. This enhances the companys productivity and efficiency. Employees who know that their presence and contribution is valued may feel more committed to the job and the organization as a whole (Pulakos, 2009: 212). POSSIBLE DISADVANTAGES AND NEGATIVE OUTCOMES Question 4: Based on the description of the system at Network Solutions, what doe you anticipate will be some disadvantages and negative outcomes resulting from the implementation of the system? The following are the possible disadvantages associated with this system of management performance: Risk of Internal Competition: this system might encourage employees to compete with each other for job status, position and pay (Molleman Timmerman, 2003: 101). Teams might be broken down by backstabbing and misleading employee communication due to strong rivalry which would result to dysfunction and underperformance within the team. Expenses and time: this system requires that employees are given rigorous training to equip employees with skills as required by the plan. This requires the use of extra resources and time in the extensive training, retraining and career development workshop for every division and employee division (Scullen, Bergey and Smith, 2005: 34) Favoritism: due to the rating of employees, there emerges individuals who are viewed as key and they are increasingly entrusted with new job roles and duties as team leaders. This creates dissent and distrust among the team members which might adversely affect the morale and satisfaction ((Luecke Hall, 2005:108).